2010年-世界发展银行全球_Overall_Reconstruction___Design_Implementation_and_Management_6页_659kb

EAP DRM KnowledgeNotes Summary

Core Content

This working paper provides a comprehensive overview of key challenges and lessons learned from international experiences in post-disaster reconstruction, particularly in the context of earthquake recovery. It is prepared by the World Bank for the Government of China following the Wenchuan Earthquake of May 12, 2008, and draws on case studies from Aceh, Yogyakarta-Central Java, Los Angeles, Kobe, and others.

Main Points and Key Information

1. Institutional Arrangements and Management

• Local Capacity: Disasters severely impact local governance capacity, requiring national support to rebuild it.
• Management Structure: A clear and well-defined management structure with defined responsibilities is essential for efficient reconstruction.
• Independent Agency: In some cases, an independent agency was established to coordinate reconstruction efforts across sectors.
• Exit Strategy: If a standalone reconstruction authority is formed, a finite timeframe and an exit strategy should be included to ensure long-term disaster risk management integration.

2. Timing and Planning

• Realistic Timelines: Reconstruction of large-scale disasters often takes 7–10 years, necessitating long-term planning and budgeting.
• Project Phases: The reconstruction process should follow standard project development steps, including data collection, analysis, strategy, design, procurement, and delivery.
• Social and Political Pressures: These must be managed to maintain public and political support throughout the process.

3. Assessment and Decision-Making

• Damage Assessment: The government must assess earthquake damage and decide whether to retain or reinforce current construction standards.
• Construction Standards: Properly engineered structures should be rebuilt to a higher standard than before, increasing costs but reducing future disaster risks.
• Seismic Design: Updated seismic design codes and best practices should be adopted to ensure safety and resilience.

4. Logistics and Materials

• Logistical Challenges: Efficient logistics are critical for material delivery and debris management.
• Material Selection: Factors such as availability, environmental impact, and suitability for high-hazard areas must be considered.
• Strategic Sourcing: Off-site manufacturing, large-scale procurement, and optimized distribution should be part of the program design.

5. Priority Data Sets and Analyses

• Clear Objectives: Planning must be based on verified data and rigorous analysis.
• Key Data Sets:
  • Geological and Seismic Conditions: Immediate updates and site investigations are required.
  • Land Availability and Rights: Land use rights must be considered to ensure realistic proposals.
  • Topographical Mapping: Detailed mapping should be created for reconstruction areas.
  • Hazard and Risk Mapping: This should guide design and eliminate ultra-high-risk zones.
  • Environmental and Ecosystem Data: These must be integrated into planning to minimize impact and protect ecosystems.

6. Investments in Mapping and Databases

• Unified Base Mapping: Governments should invest in creating or updating unified base maps with topographical, cadastral, and thematic data.
• Satellite Imagery and Digital Orthophoto Mapping: These are essential for initial assessments and decision-making.
• Cost Consideration: While mapping may seem costly, it is less expensive than planning without adequate data.

7. Quality Assurance

• QA as a Core Activity: Quality assurance must be integrated throughout the reconstruction process.
• Site Conditions: The design phase must account for on-the-ground conditions to ensure practicality.
• Training and Awareness: Professionals, contractors, and local artisans need training in disaster awareness and quality standards to avoid substandard construction.
• Budget Allocation: QA-related costs, such as site supervision, should be realistic and possibly double the normal provisions.

8. Exit Strategy

• Long-Term Ownership: Plans should ensure the long-term ownership and management of new infrastructure.
• Financing and Maintenance: Adequate financing must be secured for operation and maintenance.
• Disaster Risk Integration: China’s national strategy should focus on mitigation and preparedness as part of the exit strategy.

Case Study Example: Aceh, Indonesia

• After the tsunami, the Indonesian government, through the National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS), developed a rehabilitation and reconstruction plan for Aceh and Nias.
• An independent agency, BRR (Aceh and Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency), was established to coordinate and implement the plan.
• This model highlights the importance of a dedicated agency and collaboration with multiple stakeholders.

The World Bank’s Role

• The World Bank, along with the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), supports disaster risk management efforts in the East Asia and Pacific region.
• The paper is part of a series of good practice notes on post-disaster recovery, aimed at improving the effectiveness and sustainability of reconstruction programs.

Conclusion

This document emphasizes the need for structured, transparent, and long-term-oriented reconstruction planning that integrates institutional support, quality assurance, and environmental considerations. It also highlights the importance of data-driven decision-making and the establishment of dedicated agencies to ensure successful post-disaster recovery.