2010年-世界发展银行全球_General_Considerations_for_Infrastructure_Planning_6页_685kb

EAP DRM KnowledgeNotes Summary

Core Content

This document provides insights into disaster risk management (DRM) and infrastructure reconstruction in the East Asia and the Pacific region, with a specific focus on post-disaster recovery in Sichuan Province, China, following the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. It outlines general considerations for infrastructure planning and draws on international experiences from various disasters, including the Gujarat Earthquake, the 2005 South Asian Earthquake, and the 2004 Aceh Tsunami, to highlight best practices and lessons learned.

Main Points

1. General Considerations for Infrastructure Planning

• Socioeconomic Changes: Rapid urbanization, rising income levels, and unpredictable natural conditions are key factors influencing infrastructure reconstruction.
• Disaster Mitigation and Response: Reconstruction plans must be centered on policies that reduce disaster risks and enhance resilience.
• Key Factors to Consider:
  • Sociocultural Values: Communities have strong emotional and historical ties to their environment, which should be assessed through social surveys.
  • Geophysical Space: Consider geohazards, geological conditions, and topography in planning.
  • Logistics and Finance: Assess the geographical and financial implications of decisions.
  • Timing and Sequencing: Ensure that decisions are made in an appropriate order to avoid delays.
  • Social and Economic Sustainability: Focus on livelihoods and economic regeneration.

2. International Experience

Gujarat Earthquake (India)

• Build Back Better Approach: Encouraged partial relocation and in-situ reconstruction.
• Infrastructure Upgrades: Improved building quality and incorporated earthquake-resistant technologies.
• Community Participation: Involved people in the planning process and supported public-private partnerships.
• Communication Systems: Emphasized the need for resilient communication infrastructure, including portable GSM setups and backup systems.

2005 South Asian Earthquake (Afghanistan, India, Pakistan)

• Challenges in Reconstruction: Poor building quality, lack of data, and inadequate resources hindered response.
• Key Lessons:
  • Maintain accurate records of land ownership and infrastructure.
  • Minimize communication loss by using resilient infrastructure.
  • Ensure coordination between infrastructure sectors to avoid conflicts.
  • Prepare contingency plans for restoring essential services.

2004 Tsunami in Aceh (Indonesia)

• Community-Based Housing: Rapid housing reconstruction was achieved through community involvement.
• Infrastructure Lag: Infrastructure services such as roads and utilities were not developed at the same pace as housing, leading to delays and service deficits.
• Coordination Issues: Lack of coordination between sectors caused problems such as residents staying in temporary housing for years.

3. Lessons Learned

• Differentiate Urban and Rural Policies: Urban and rural areas have different needs and challenges.
• Community Engagement: Involve local stakeholders in planning to ensure acceptance and sustainability.
• Timely Planning and Launch: A timely and publicized reconstruction plan with visible progress helps build trust and reduce uncertainty.
• Prioritize Urban Services: Repair and restore urban services first to support economic recovery.
• Incorporate New Design Standards: Use updated seismic codes and practices in planning and construction.
• Address Inflation and Rent Surges: Consider the economic impact of inflation and rising rents on reconstruction.
• Human Resource Capacity: Ensure availability of trained professionals and adequate funding for implementation.

Recommendations

• Balance Speed and Planning: Use an iterative process for assessment and decision-making to allow for public consultation while maintaining a timely response.
• Incorporate Disaster Mitigation: Include retrofitting and mitigation measures in the reconstruction plan, especially for public buildings.
• Encourage Private Investment: Support the development of small businesses to promote economic recovery.
• Provide Incentives for Mitigation: Include financial and technical incentives to encourage disaster preparedness among the public and non-governmental sectors.
• Leverage Existing Plans: Use existing master plans where possible to guide reconstruction efforts.
• Ensure Coordination: Coordinate between infrastructure sectors to avoid conflicts and ensure efficient service delivery.

World Bank Involvement

• The World Bank, through its East Asia and Pacific Disaster Risk Management Team, produced this working paper as part of a series of good practice notes on post-disaster recovery.
• The content was coordinated by the China and Mongolia Sustainable Development and Country Management Units.
• The paper is supported by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) and is part of a broader effort to improve DRM practices in the region.

Conclusion

This document emphasizes the importance of integrating disaster risk management into infrastructure reconstruction planning, ensuring that communities are involved, and that policies are resilient, sustainable, and socially acceptable. It serves as a guide for policymakers and planners in the East Asia and Pacific region, drawing on global experiences to inform local strategies.