世界经济论坛：全球创业观察2021_2022（EN）_230页_8mb

GEM 2021/2022 Global Report Summary: Opportunity Amid Disruption

Core Content

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2021/2022 Global Report explores how the pandemic has affected entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial attitudes globally. It provides insights into the resilience of entrepreneurs, the evolution of entrepreneurial frameworks, and the demographics of entrepreneurial activity.

Key Findings

1. Entrepreneurial Activity and the Pandemic

• The pandemic did not reduce entrepreneurial activity in most economies.
• Entrepreneurs are adapting to new conditions, with many embracing digital technologies to continue operations.
• New businesses are more likely to be innovative and socially responsible, even in the face of economic disruption.

2. Entrepreneurial Motivations

• Motivations for starting a business include:
  • Making a difference in the world
  • Building great wealth or very high income
  • Continuing a family tradition
  • Earning a living due to job scarcity
• Younger entrepreneurs (ages 18–34) are more likely to be motivated by social impact and innovation than older entrepreneurs (ages 35–64).

3. Demographics of Entrepreneurs

• Youth (ages 18–34) are more likely to start a business than older adults.
• Women are underrepresented in entrepreneurial activity, but their participation is increasing.
• Graduates are more likely to start a business than non-graduates.
• Employees can also be entrepreneurial, with employee entrepreneurial activity (EEA) growing.

4. Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions (EFCs)

• EFCs are 13 factors that influence the environment for entrepreneurship.
• These include:
  • Entrepreneurial Finance
  • Government Policy (support, taxes, bureaucracy)
  • Entrepreneurial Education (school and post-school)
  • Research and Development Transfers
  • Commercial and Professional Infrastructure
  • Physical Infrastructure
  • Social and Cultural Norms
• The National Entrepreneurship Context Index (NECI) is used to measure the overall readiness of an economy for entrepreneurship.

5. Economic Impact and Trends

• Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) and Established Business Ownership (EBO) have remained relatively stable despite the pandemic.
• Job creation expectations are high among new entrepreneurs, even though many have faced challenges.
• Sector distribution shows that business services and consumer services are the most popular sectors for new entrepreneurial activity.

Main Viewpoints

• Entrepreneurship remains resilient despite the pandemic.
• Digital transformation is accelerating, with entrepreneurs increasingly adopting new technologies.
• Social and environmental responsibility is becoming a more prominent part of entrepreneurial motivations.
• Younger and more educated individuals are more likely to start new businesses.
• Gender disparities persist, but efforts to support women entrepreneurs are gaining momentum.

Key Information

GEM Methodology

• GEM uses two main data collection methods:
  • Adult Population Survey (APS): Surveys 2,000+ adults in each economy to gather data on entrepreneurial activity, attitudes, and aspirations.
  • National Expert Survey (NES): Involves experts to evaluate the Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions (EFCs), which are crucial for understanding the business environment.

GEM Income Classification

• Level A economies: GDP per capita > $40,000
• Level B economies: GDP per capita $20,000–$40,000
• Level C economies: GDP per capita < $20,000

GEM Structure

• GEM is a consortium of national teams, led by universities and research institutions.
• Each national team is responsible for data collection, reporting, and analysis within their country.
• The GEM Global Data Team and Entrepreneur Profiles are produced by Francis Carmona, Alicia Coduras, and Kevin Anselmo.

GEM's Role and Impact

• GEM is the only global organization that directly collects data from entrepreneurs.
• It provides diagnostic tools for policymakers and stakeholders to improve entrepreneurial ecosystems.
• GEM has 23 years of experience and 120 economies participating in its research, making it a leading authority on entrepreneurship trends.

Conclusion

The 2021/2022 GEM Global Report highlights that the pandemic has not stifled entrepreneurial activity. Instead, it has created new opportunities for innovation and social impact. GEM continues to be a valuable resource for understanding the global entrepreneurial landscape, with data-driven insights helping to shape policies and strategies that support sustainable growth and resilience.