2022-04-25-世界经济论坛-全球创业观察2021_2022（EN）_230页_8mb

Summary of the GEM 2021/2022 Global Report: Opportunity Amid Disruption

Core Content

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2021/2022 Global Report explores the impact of the pandemic on entrepreneurship globally, highlighting opportunities amid disruption. It provides insights into entrepreneurial activity, motivations, and the role of framework conditions in shaping the entrepreneurial environment.

Key Definitions and Abbreviations

• Adult Population Survey (APS): A comprehensive survey of at least 2,000 adults in each GEM economy to measure entrepreneurial activity, attitudes, and aspirations.
• National Expert Survey (NES): Conducted by experts to assess the Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions (EFCs) that influence entrepreneurship.
• Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA): Percentage of adults aged 18–64 starting or running a new business.
• Established Business Ownership (EBO): Percentage of adults aged 18–64 who are current owners of an established business.
• Employee Entrepreneurial Activity (EEA): Percentage of employees involved in entrepreneurial activities within their organizations.
• Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions (EFCs): 13 indicators that assess the environment for entrepreneurship, including access to finance, government policy, education, and infrastructure.
• National Entrepreneurship Context Index (NECI): A single score summarizing the average state of the 13 EFCs across economies.

Main Findings and Key Insights

Impact of the Pandemic

• The pandemic has had a mixed impact on entrepreneurship. While it reduced household incomes, it also created new opportunities for some entrepreneurs.
• Entrepreneurial activity did not decline significantly in most economies, suggesting resilience in the face of disruption.
• The proportion of entrepreneurs who found new opportunities due to the pandemic increased, with many leveraging digital technologies to adapt their business models.
• Job growth expectations among new businesses remain positive, though some are affected by the economic downturn.

Entrepreneurial Activity and Sectors

• Business Services and Consumer Services are the most popular sectors for new business creation.
• The level of entrepreneurial activity varies across age groups, gender, and education. Younger entrepreneurs (18–34) are more active than older ones (35–64), and graduates are more likely to start businesses than non-graduates.
• Employee entrepreneurship is on the rise, with more employees engaging in entrepreneurial activities within their organizations.

Entrepreneurial Motivations

• The primary motivations for starting a business include:
  • Financial gain (building wealth or high income)
  • Continuing a family tradition
  • Earning a living due to limited job opportunities
  • Making a difference in the world
• Younger entrepreneurs are more likely to be motivated by social impact and innovation, while older entrepreneurs are more focused on financial goals and family legacy.

Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions (EFCs)

• The EFCs are a set of 13 conditions that influence the entrepreneurial environment.
• EFCs scores vary by country, with some economies scoring higher than others in terms of support for entrepreneurship.
• The NECI provides a single score for each country, summarizing the overall entrepreneurial environment based on these conditions.

Business Exits and Pandemic Impact

• Business exits have increased in some regions, with reasons including positive growth, negative performance, and pandemic-related challenges.
• The ratio of TEA to business exits is an important indicator of the health of an entrepreneurial ecosystem.
• Despite the challenges, entrepreneurs are building resilience and adapting to new realities, including digital transformation and sustainability.

Policy Recommendations

• Policymakers should focus on improving access to finance, streamlining regulations, and enhancing entrepreneurial education.
• Support for women entrepreneurs and innovation in business models should be prioritized to ensure inclusive and sustainable growth.
• Digital infrastructure and market openness are key to fostering entrepreneurial activity in the post-pandemic era.
• The GEM Ecosystem Quality Composite Index (ESI) is a valuable tool for assessing city and regional readiness for entrepreneurship, enabling data-driven policy decisions.

Participation and Methodology

• 120 economies participated in the 2021 GEM research, including Level A, B, and C economies, based on GDP per capita.
• The GEM Global Data Team and National Teams collected and analyzed data, with Babson College and London Business School playing central roles in the project.
• The report is supported by multiple sponsors, including GEM Global Sponsor and national sponsors, which contribute to the project's global reach and impact.

Conclusion

The GEM 2021/2022 Global Report underscores the resilience of entrepreneurs in the face of the pandemic and highlights the opportunities for growth and innovation that have emerged. It calls for policy support to strengthen the entrepreneurial environment, particularly for young people, women, and graduates, and to foster sustainable and inclusive business practices. The report serves as a critical diagnostic tool for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to build back better in the post-pandemic world.