2013年-世界发展银行全球_Good_Jobs_in_Turkey_140页_9mb

Summary of "Good Jobs in Turkey" Report

Core Content

This report, prepared by the World Bank in 2013, analyzes the concept of "good jobs" and their role in Turkey's development. It evaluates the impact of job creation and productivity on economic growth, employment, and social cohesion, with a focus on the post-crisis period. The report also outlines policy recommendations aimed at improving the quality and inclusiveness of employment in Turkey.

Main Viewpoints

• Good Jobs Definition: Good jobs are defined as those that contribute positively to development through both direct and indirect benefits. Direct benefits include income and livelihood, while indirect benefits, or "externalities," include social and economic spillovers such as improved household welfare, increased social participation, and enhanced productivity.

• Employment Elasticity: Post-crisis Turkey has seen a significant increase in employment elasticity, meaning that employment growth has become more responsive to economic growth. This is attributed to the expansion of labor-intensive sectors and the formalization of employment.

• Sectoral Shifts: There has been a notable structural shift from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors, particularly services and manufacturing. This movement has been growth-enhancing, with the share of employment in agriculture decreasing from 41.5% in 1998 to 25.5% in 2011, while the service sector's share increased to 72.7% by 2012.

• Productivity and Job Creation: Productivity is a key driver of job creation and economic growth. The report highlights that larger firms, especially in the non-agricultural sector, contribute more to job creation and productivity. However, small services firms dominate the market.

• Social Cohesion and Gender: There has been an increase in female labor force participation, particularly in the formal sector. Despite this, the participation rate is still below pre-crisis levels. The report emphasizes the need for policies that support women's entry into the labor market, such as childcare services and flexible working arrangements.

• Youth Employment: Youth employment has also seen growth, but challenges remain. Policies that promote education, training, and activation programs are crucial for improving youth employment and reducing the share of low-income households.

• Living Standards: Job creation has positively impacted household living standards, especially in urban areas and the Eastern provinces. However, material deprivation remains widespread, particularly among rural households. Improving access to non-labor income and social transfers can help raise living standards.

• Policy Levers: The report identifies several policy levers that can support the creation of good jobs, including reducing the costs of formality, improving labor mobility, and enhancing the investment climate.

Key Information

1.1 What are "Good Jobs"?

• Direct Benefits: Income, livelihood, and household stability.
• Indirect Benefits: Social mobility, civic engagement, and improved living standards.
• Positive Externalities: Spillover effects that benefit broader society.

1.2 Where do Good Jobs Come From?

• Productivity Gains: Movement of labor from low to high productivity sectors.
• Structural Transformation: Shift from agriculture to manufacturing and services.
• Formalization: Encouraging formal employment to increase social and economic benefits.

1.3 Policy Levers

• Mobility: Facilitating labor movement between and within sectors.
• Trade Barriers: Reducing them to enhance competitiveness.
• Investment Climate: Improving it to encourage business growth and job creation.
• Costs of Formality: Lowering them to promote formal employment.
• Public Services: Enhancing them where the market fails, such as in childcare and elder care.

Employment Trends in Post-Crisis Turkey

• Growth and Employment: Turkey experienced strong recovery from the global crisis, with GDP growth of 9.2% in 2010 and 8.8% in 2011. Annual employment growth was 3.3% between 2007 and 2012, leading to the creation of over 4 million jobs.
• Unemployment: The unemployment rate was 9.2% in 2012.
• Labor Force Participation: Increased in the post-crisis period, especially among women.
• Formality: There has been a notable increase in formal employment, which is associated with better living standards and social cohesion.

Job Creation and Productivity

• Non-Agricultural Sectors: These sectors have seen significant job creation and productivity improvements.
• Firm Size and Productivity: Larger firms contribute more to productivity and job creation, while small firms dominate the market.
• Productivity Gains: Productivity growth in non-agricultural sectors has been positive, and there is evidence of labor reallocation from lower to higher productivity activities.
• Agriculture: Despite being the least productive sector, it remains significant in terms of employment and GDP. Structural changes in agriculture have been limited, and it continues to attract a large share of unskilled female labor.

Jobs and Living Standards

• In-Work Households: The share of in-work households increased by 10% between 2006 and 2010, particularly in Eastern provinces.
• Low-Income Households: The share of low-income households increased slightly from 10.2% in 2007 to 11.7% in 2010, but this varied by region and household type.
• Material Deprivation: It declined from 29% in 2006 to 21% in 2010 nationally, with significant improvements in rural Eastern provinces.
• Income Sources: Labor income is the main contributor to household income and living standards. Non-labor income had a negative impact on living standards.

Policy Outlook

• Formalization Policies: The reduction in social security contributions and expansion of active labor market policies have supported formalization.
• Childcare and Elder Care: Initiatives to expand childcare and elder care services are crucial for enabling women to participate in the labor market.
• Education and Training: Enhancing educational outcomes and training opportunities can increase productivity and employment prospects.
• Social Transfers: Linking social benefits to employment programs can help improve living standards for vulnerable groups.
• Flexibility and Work-Life Balance: Policies promoting flexible working, extended parental leave, and improved access to childcare can enhance female participation in the labor market.

Conclusion

The report underscores the importance of creating good jobs for sustainable economic growth and social cohesion in Turkey. It highlights the need for targeted policies that address the barriers to employment, especially for women and youth, and promotes productivity through structural transformation and improved labor mobility.