2018年-世界发展银行全球_Economic_Inclusion_of_LGBTI_Groups_in_Thailand_85页_676kb

Summary of Economic Inclusion of LGBTI Groups in Thailand

Core Content

The World Bank Group report "Economic Inclusion of LGBTI Groups in Thailand" provides an in-depth analysis of the economic and social challenges faced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) individuals in Thailand. Despite the country's progressive image in terms of inclusion, the study reveals significant discrimination and barriers in various areas such as labor market access, government services, education, health, and finance. The report also highlights the lack of awareness among both LGBTI and non-LGBTI individuals about legal protections against discrimination.

Main Findings

Discrimination in the Labor Market

• 60% of transgender individuals, 30% of lesbians, and 20% of gay men report experiencing workplace discrimination.
• Over 50% of LGBTI respondents say their job applications were rejected due to their identity.
• Transgender individuals face the most severe discrimination, with 77% reporting application rejections and 40% experiencing harassment.
• Gay men and lesbians also report significant discrimination, with 49% and 62.5% respectively experiencing application rejections.
• 22.7% of gay men and 24.5% of lesbians, gay men, and transgender individuals were told not to show or mention their LGBTI status.
• 23.7% of transgender individuals were instructed to use the toilet according to their birth sex.
• 19% of gay men experience significant discrimination in the labor market.
• Job discrimination is particularly severe in sectors such as police, military, and religious institutions, while agriculture, retail, and beauty and wellness are more accessible.

Discrimination in Accessing Government Services

• 40.6% of gay men, 36.4% of lesbians, and 46.9% of transgender individuals report being unable to access government services.
• Half of all LGBTI respondents say they were treated disrespectfully when accessing government services.
• Over 30% of respondents were harassed or ridiculed, and faced more requirements to access services.

Discrimination in Other Areas

• Transgender individuals experience the most frequent and severe discrimination across various dimensions of economic and social life.
• Lesbians report worse outcomes than gay men in many areas, including employment, education, and health.
• Non-LGBTI respondents show a high level of acceptance toward discrimination against LGBTI individuals, with 37.4% finding it acceptable for employers to discriminate and 48% believing some discrimination when accessing government services is reasonable.

Key Policy Recommendations

The report outlines six focus areas for improving the inclusion of LGBTI people in Thailand, each with specific policy actions, lead agencies, and timelines.

1. Public Policy Awareness

• Actions: Develop and implement a public campaign to raise awareness of gender equality legislation, SOGI rights, and nondiscrimination laws.
• Lead Agencies: Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Labor, and others.
• Timing: Short and medium term.

2. LGBTI Equality and SOGI Nondiscrimination in Employment

• Actions: Enact and enforce employment and occupation laws that ensure nondiscrimination based on SOGI status.
• Lead Agencies: Ministry of Labor, Committee on Unfair Gender Discrimination, and private sector resource groups.
• Timing: Medium term.

3. Equality in LGBTI Health Care

• Actions: Include SOGI nondiscrimination in health service training and implement legal measures to prevent private health insurers from inquiring about SOGI.
• Lead Agencies: Ministry of Health, Ministry of Justice, and insurance companies.
• Timing: Short and medium term.

4. Inclusive Education for All

• Actions: Incorporate gender equality and SOGI nondiscrimination into teacher and administrator training.
• Lead Agencies: Ministry of Education, Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, and local education authorities.
• Timing: Short and medium term.

5. Equality of Legal Rights

• Actions: Adopt a national gender recognition law and a same-sex partnerships law.
• Lead Agencies: Ministry of Justice, Department of Rights and Liberties.
• Timing: Medium term.

6. Research to Fill Knowledge Gaps

• Actions: Collect SOGI-disaggregated quantitative data, develop an integrated database on exclusion, and evaluate policies addressing SOGI.
• Lead Agencies: Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, Ministry of Education, and research institutions.
• Timing: Short and medium term.

Conclusion

The report emphasizes that while Thailand has made progress in legal protections for LGBTI people, significant gaps remain in terms of awareness, implementation, and enforcement. It calls for a comprehensive approach that includes public awareness campaigns, legal reforms, and targeted research to improve economic and social inclusion for all LGBTI individuals in Thailand.