2012年-世界发展银行全球_Public_Procurement_of_Energy_Efficient_Products_Lessons_from_Around_the_World_88页_3mb

Summary of Public Procurement of Energy Efficient Products

Core Content

This report, Public Procurement of Energy Efficient Products, is a study conducted by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) in 2011–2012, examining global experiences with energy efficient purchasing (EEP) as a strategy to promote energy efficiency in the public sector. It highlights the importance of EEP in driving market transformation and reducing energy costs for governments, while also identifying key challenges and recommending actionable strategies for successful implementation.

Main Objectives

• To analyze the role of public sector energy efficiency.
• To identify barriers to EEP and suggest interventions.
• To evaluate global EEP programs and their policy models.
• To provide recommendations for governments and the World Bank to enhance EEP initiatives.

Key Findings and Main Points

Importance of Energy Efficiency in the Public Sector

• The public sector is a significant and influential market for energy-efficient products.
• Government actions can drive behavioral change and market transformation.
• Public procurement systems can influence manufacturers and provide stable demand for new technologies.

Barriers to EEP Implementation

• Lack of incentives due to budget constraints and split incentives.
• Limited financial resources for upfront costs of energy-efficient equipment.
• Restrictive policies and procedures that complicate procurement and new approaches.
• Behavioral inertia in a risk-averse public sector.
• Poor access to information and institutional knowledge.
• Weak governance in tracking and enforcing EEP mandates.

Policy Models for EEP

• Product Labeling: Use of EE labels to identify energy-efficient products.
• Technical Specifications Catalogues: Provide detailed standards for procurement.
• Life-Cycle Costing (LCC): Evaluate products based on total lifecycle cost.
• EE Preferences: Award extra points or price discounts for qualifying products.
• Qualifying Product Lists: Maintain databases of products meeting EE criteria.

Green Public Procurement (GPP) vs. EEP

• In developed countries, EEP is often integrated into broader GPP initiatives.
• GPP includes multiple environmental indicators, not just energy efficiency.
• However, GPP lacks a universal definition, making product comparisons and impact tracking more complex.

Global EEP Case Studies

Alternative Procurement Strategies

• LCC-based bidding: Require bids based on lifecycle cost to ensure cost-effectiveness.
• Output-based procurement: Select products based on desired performance outcomes (e.g., lighting output).
• Product competitions: Encourage innovation through challenges with guaranteed purchases.
• Warranties: Ensure energy performance is covered by product warranties.
• Performance-based contracts: Pay for energy savings through ESCO partnerships.

Key Recommendations

For Governments

• Develop comprehensive EEP policies with clear mandates, institutional accountability, and targets.
• Use EEP as the default option for public procurement, requiring justification for non-compliance.
• Leverage tools like labels, LCC calculators, and qualified product lists to reduce transaction and compliance costs.
• Invest in institutional arrangements with well-defined roles and responsibilities.
• Implement robust product testing and certification to maintain program integrity.
• Conduct outreach and training to build awareness and support among procurement and technical staff.
• Create incentives to address financial gaps and behavioral resistance.
• Build strategic partnerships with manufacturers, NGOs, and other jurisdictions to enhance program effectiveness.
• Develop monitoring and reporting systems to track participation, measure results, and evaluate program impact.

For World Bank Project Managers

• Identify key energy-consuming goods for procurement.
• Collaborate with local agencies to develop EE specifications and ensure qualified suppliers.
• Conduct LCC analyses to select the most cost-effective technologies.
• Require equipment certification from accredited labs or conduct testing upon delivery.
• Monitor energy savings and share successful specifications with local governments and other IFIs.

Conclusion

The report emphasizes that EEP is a powerful tool for governments to promote energy efficiency and reduce costs. It underscores the need for a holistic, well-structured approach to EEP, combining policy development, tools, training, and strong governance. The World Bank and other international financial institutions have a critical role in supporting EEP by integrating energy efficiency into procurement practices and sharing best practices globally.