【DNV】2024船舶碳捕集的潜力报告_22页_10mb

Summary of "The Potential of Onboard Carbon Capture in Shipping"

Core Content

This white paper explores the potential of onboard carbon capture (OCC) as a key technology for the decarbonization of the shipping industry. It evaluates the technical, economic, and regulatory aspects of OCC, as well as its integration into the broader carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) value chain.

Main Views and Key Information

1. Role of Onboard Carbon Capture

• Onboard carbon capture offers a viable solution for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships while continuing to use conventional fuels.
• It is being considered as a complementary decarbonization strategy alongside energy efficiency improvements, alternative fuels, and operational optimization.
• The adoption of OCC depends on regulatory support, commercial viability, and the development of a mature CCUS infrastructure.

2. Technical Feasibility

• Onboard carbon capture systems must be designed to capture, process, and store CO₂ on board before it is emitted.
• The feasibility of OCC is influenced by:
  • Vessel size and operational profile
  • Machinery capacity for power and heat
  • Available onboard space
• The technology is still in development and needs optimization for maritime use.
• A "OCC-ready" approach at the newbuilding stage could reduce retrofitting costs in the future.

3. Commercial Competitiveness

• OCC's commercial attractiveness depends on:
  • High capture rates
  • Low fuel penalties
  • Low CO₂ deposit costs
• It is expected to become a commercially viable option if regulations enforce decarbonization through carbon pricing or other market mechanisms.
• The cost of CO₂ emissions and renewable fuel alternatives must be compared with the cost of implementing OCC.

4. Regulatory Status

• Regulatory frameworks are still in development, with the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) being the only current framework that incentivizes carbon capture on ships.
• The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is exploring how to include OCC in future GHG regulations.
• Clear regulatory creditability for captured CO₂ is essential to reduce uncertainty and support adoption.

5. Integration with the CCUS Value Chain

• Onboard carbon capture is a part of the broader CCUS value chain, which includes:
  • Capture
  • Transport
  • Storage or utilization
• The shipping industry must integrate with this value chain by connecting to CO₂ terminals and hubs near major ports.
• The growth of CCUS infrastructure is crucial for the scalability of OCC.
• In 2030, the global CCUS storage capacity must increase by more than 100 times to meet net-zero targets.

6. Value Chain Steps

• Step 1: Onboard capture – CO₂ is captured and processed to be suitable for storage.
• Step 2: Onboard storage – CO₂ is temporarily stored on board using specialized tanks or containment systems.
• Step 3: Offloading – CO₂ is periodically transferred to shore facilities, depending on trade patterns and the availability of disposal infrastructure.
• Step 4: Transportation – CO₂ is transported to storage or utilization facilities via ship, pipeline, or other means.
• Step 5: Permanent storage or utilization – CO₂ is either stored underground or used in industrial applications.

7. CO₂ Properties and Compatibility

• CO₂ stream specifications (purity, temperature, pressure) are essential for compatibility across the value chain.
• Downstream CCS systems require high purity standards to ensure safe and efficient operation.
• Interoperability of facilities is necessary to support the flow of CO₂ from ships to storage or utilization points.

8. Convenient Disposal Locations

• Major shipping hubs such as Singapore and Rotterdam have significant CO₂ emissions and are potential locations for CO₂ offloading.
• Disposal facilities are being developed near these ports, including:
  • Rotterdam: Antwerp@C CO₂ Export Hub
  • Gothenburg: Large-scale CO₂ hub
  • Dunkirk: CO₂ hub
  • Wilhelmshaven: CO₂nnectNow
• Projects like Northern Lights and Porthos are also advancing CCUS infrastructure, which could benefit the maritime sector.

9. Demonstration and Collaboration in Closed Value Chains

• Stakeholders can collaborate in closed value chains to share costs and benefits of capturing, transporting, and storing CO₂.
• This can help create stable demand for CCUS services and reduce risks from market and policy changes.
• Closed value chains can also serve as green shipping corridors, showcasing the feasibility of OCC and CCUS.

10. Onboard Carbon Capture Technologies

• Technologies are divided into:
  • Pre-combustion: CO₂ is captured before fuel is burned, often used in fuel cell systems.
  • Post-combustion: CO₂ is captured from exhaust gas, more common in conventional engines.
  • Oxy-fuel combustion: Uses pure oxygen and recirculates exhaust, resulting in high CO₂ concentration.
• Post-combustion methods such as amine absorption are currently being tested on ships.
• Examples of ongoing projects include:
  • EverLoNG: EU-funded project demonstrating OCC on LNG-fuelled ships.
  • Solvang ASA: Testing amine-based OCC on an LPG carrier.
  • Ermafirst - Neptune Lines: Conversion pilot on a RoRo ship.

11. Economic Considerations

• The cost of OCC is influenced by:
  • Capture technology
  • Fuel penalty
  • Disposal and transportation costs
• Economic viability is closely tied to the development of the CCUS infrastructure and the availability of carbon markets.

12. Practical Considerations

• Onboard installation and storage require careful planning.
• Temporary storage must be compatible with ship design and operational needs.
• Offloading frequency depends on the trade route and availability of disposal facilities.

Conclusion

Onboard carbon capture is a promising but still emerging technology for the shipping industry. Its successful implementation depends on regulatory clarity, infrastructure development, and collaboration among stakeholders. While challenges remain, OCC could play a critical role in achieving net-zero emissions in shipping, especially when integrated with the broader CCUS value chain.