世界银行-跨国企业对气候变化的影响：供应链排放、绿色技术转让和企业承诺（英）-2023.5-144页_6mb

The Effect of Multinational Enterprises on Climate Change: Summary

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) significantly influence global climate change, acting as both a risk and an opportunity for mitigation. This report examines MNEs' impact through four key questions: their current effect on emissions, their role in green technology transfers, their commitments to decarbonization, and the policies that can shape their climate impact.

Key Messages:

• MNEs are major drivers of global emissions, with 157 large MNEs accounting for up to 60% of industrial carbon emissions. Their supply chains alone contribute another 50%.
• MNEs generally have lower carbon intensities than domestic firms due to advanced technologies, such as in steel and cement production. Domestic firms linked to MNEs via equity partnerships, supply chains, or licensing are more engaged in green practices.
• Commitments to net-zero emissions by 2050 are insufficient, with only 30% of high-income country MNEs and none from developing countries formally pledged. Long-term strategies are lacking, raising credibility concerns.
• Policies should adopt the "5Ps" framework: patrolling (monitoring emissions), prescription (laws/regulations), penalties (taxes), payments (incentives), and persuasion (commitments/information) to address scale, technology, and composition effects.

Analysis and Recommendations:

1. Technology Transfers: MNEs can facilitate green technology adoption through FDI, imports, and licensing. Government pressure and data transparency are critical to enhance these transfers.
2. Corporate Accountability: Greenwashing and weak reporting undermine MNE commitments. Strengthened third-party oversight and standardized disclosure can improve credibility.
3. Policy Prioritization: Tailor policies to avoid lock-ins (e.g., delaying coal investments) and maximize synergies with development goals. Countries should leverage MNEs' global reach to drive rapid decarbonization.

The report underscores the need for harmonized data, international cooperation, and targeted policies to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy, with MNEs central to this effort.