2018中国建筑能源利用（英文版）_85页_3mb

Summary of China Building Energy Use 2018

Core Content

This report provides a comprehensive overview of China's building energy use in 2018, focusing on the overall situation, energy use in public and commercial buildings, and the role of occupant behavior in building energy consumption. It highlights the importance of building energy conservation as part of China's broader strategy to build a resource-efficient society and reduce carbon emissions.

Main Viewpoints

• Building Energy Conservation as a Strategic Priority: Building energy conservation is a crucial component of China's national strategy for a resource-efficient society, which is essential for sustainable development and reducing environmental impact.
• Building Sector's Role in Energy Consumption: The building sector in China plays a significant role in energy use, accounting for approximately 20% of the country's total primary energy consumption in 2016.
• Energy Use by Subsectors: China's building energy use is categorized into four subsectors: northern urban heating (NUH), public and commercial buildings (excluding NUH), urban residential buildings (excluding NUH), and rural residential buildings (RR).
• Growth and Trends: Despite the slowdown in new building construction since 2015, the overall building stock and energy consumption continue to grow, driven by urbanization and economic development.
• Occupant Behavior Impact: Occupant behavior is a key factor influencing building energy use and is closely linked with technology and policy, requiring further research and integration into energy conservation strategies.
• Need for Policy and Technological Innovation: To meet future energy efficiency targets, China needs to shift from technology-oriented policies to outcome and total energy consumption-oriented approaches, emphasizing green design, lifestyle changes, and energy management systems.

Key Information

China's Building Sector Overview

• Population and Urbanization: In 2016, China's population reached 1.38 billion, with 57.3% living in urban areas. Urbanization is expected to continue, with the urbanization rate projected to reach 60% by 2020 and 70% by 2030.
• Economic Growth: China's nominal GDP per capita increased from 1053 USD in 2001 to 8116 USD in 2016. The service sector's value-added increased from 41.2% to 51.6% over the same period.
• Primary Energy Consumption: China's primary energy consumption rose from 1.56 billion tonnes of coal equivalent (tce) in 2001 to 4.36 billion tce in 2016. Coal remains the main energy source, accounting for 62% of commercial energy use.
• Electricity Generation: Total electricity generation in 2016 was 6129.7 TWh, with 28% from non-fossil sources. The net coal consumption rate was 0.312 kgce/kWh in 2016, compared to 0.385 kgce/kWh in 2001.
• Building Stock: By 2016, China's total floor area was approximately 58.1 billion square meters, with urban residential, rural residential, and public/commercial areas accounting for 23.1 billion, 23.3 billion, and 11.7 billion square meters respectively.

Subsector Energy Use

1. Northern Urban Heating (NUH):

   • Energy consumption in 2016: 191 Mtce (21% of total building commercial energy use).
   • Per unit floor area: 14.0 kgce/m² (down from 22.8 kgce/m² in 2001).
   • Reduction attributed to improved building envelopes, higher efficiency heating sources, and better distribution systems.

2. Public and Commercial Buildings (excluding NUH):

   • Total energy consumption in 2016: 275 Mtce (31% of total building commercial energy use).
   • Includes 689.6 TWh of electricity use.
   • Energy use intensity (EUI) increased by one third over the past decade due to growing floor area and higher energy intensity of large-scale buildings.

3. Urban Residential Buildings (excluding NUH):

   • Total energy consumption in 2016: 209 Mtce (23% of total building commercial energy use).
   • Includes 457.9 TWh of electricity use.
   • Despite efficiency improvements, energy use still increased due to urbanization, higher service demands, and more appliances.

4. Rural Residential Buildings:

   • Total commercial energy consumption in 2016: 221 Mtce (25% of total building energy use).
   • Includes 223.7 TWh of electricity use.
   • Rural biomass consumption (mainly straw and wood) was around 90 Mtce.
   • The proportion of commercial energy use per household doubled over the past decade.

Energy Use Intensity by Building Types

• Office Buildings: 86 Mtce in 2016, EUI of 64 kWh_e/m².
• Commercial Lodging Buildings: 18 Mtce in 2016, EUI of 116 kWh_e/m².
• Mercantile Buildings: 68 Mtce in 2016, EUI of 100 kWh_e/m².
• Educational Buildings: 27 Mtce in 2016, EUI of 52 kWh_e/m².
• Healthcare Buildings: 17 Mtce in 2016, EUI of 118 kWh_e/m².
• Other P&C Buildings: Energy consumption and EUI increased over the past decades, with new construction in transportation and cultural facilities expected to drive further growth.

Energy Use Targets and Policy Recommendations

• Target: The total energy consumption of P&C buildings (excluding NUH) should be less than 444 Mtce.
• Policy Shift: Emphasis should be placed on outcome-based policies, green design, and energy management systems.
• Best Practices: Energy consumption standards, energy monitoring platforms, and carbon emissions trading systems have been introduced to support energy efficiency goals.

Occupant Behavior and Energy Use

• Significance: Occupant behavior significantly affects building energy use and is a major contributor to energy use gaps between countries and households.
• Interactions: Occupant behavior interacts with building technologies and policies, influencing overall energy consumption and comfort levels.
• Research: The IEA EBC Annex 66 conducted research on occupant behavior from 2013 to 2018, providing insights into how behavior patterns affect energy use.

Conclusion

China's building sector is a major contributor to the country's energy consumption and carbon emissions. The report underscores the need for a long-term, continuous effort in building energy conservation, emphasizing the integration of occupant behavior, technology, and policy. It also highlights the importance of global comparisons and scenario analyses to guide China's unique approach to building energy efficiency and conservation.