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2020 Port Report: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Container Ports in Latin America and the Caribbean

Core Content Overview

This report provides an analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on container port activity, shipping trade, trans-shipment, and throughput in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) in 2020 compared to 2019. It highlights the unprecedented effects of the pandemic on global and regional trade and emphasizes the variability in performance across different subregions.

Main Trends and Key Findings

Global and Regional Impact of the Pandemic

• Global Impact: The pandemic caused an unprecedented global crisis, with international trade by water dropping by -3.8% in 2020 compared to 2019, reaching 11.494 billion tonnes.
• Container Trade: Global container trade in TEUs fell by -0.9% in 2020, with a significant drop in May (11.4%) and partial recovery by December.
• Latin America: The region experienced a -2.9% year-on-year decline in container trade for the full year, with the most severe declines in April, May, and June (15.8%, 16.8%, and 16.1% respectively).
• Economic Context: The pandemic hit LAC at a time of economic weakness, with GDP contraction estimated at -9.1%. This led to reduced consumption and industrial activity, affecting imports more significantly than exports.

Export and Import Performance by Subregion

• South America (East Coast): Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay showed the best performance, with exports increasing throughout 2020 and imports decreasing from mid-2020 onward.
• South America (West Coast): Peru and Chile saw declines in both exports and imports. Chile showed slight recovery in the last quarter.
• Caribbean: The region saw a sharp decline in exports and imports starting in March 2020, with imports dropping more severely due to consumption-driven trade.
• Central America: Exports on the Pacific coast increased, but the overall trade and imports declined. The Caribbean coast performed worse than the Pacific.
• Mexico: Both coasts saw declines in trade, with only a minor increase in throughput in July. The full-year throughput decline was significant.
• Panama: Despite declines in exports and imports, trans-shipment increased on both coasts, leading to an overall increase in throughput.

Changes in Shipping Routes and Trans-shipment

• South America (East Coast): Trans-shipment growth slowed from 27.3% to 2.9% in the last quarter of 2020.
• South America (West Coast): Trans-shipment fell sharply throughout 2020, with the most significant decline in the first half of the year.
• Caribbean: Trans-shipment increased, partially offsetting the decline in full container trade, contributing to relatively stable throughput.
• Central America: Trans-shipment on the Pacific coast increased significantly, while the Caribbean coast saw a decline.
• Panama: Trans-shipment grew on both coasts, leading to increased port throughput despite declines in full container trade.

Throughput Analysis

• South America (East Coast): Throughput initially increased but declined from mid-2020, driven by reduced imports and increased trans-shipment.
• South America (West Coast): Throughput declined throughout 2020, with the most severe drop in January–July (11.8%).
• Caribbean: Throughput showed a slight increase in the first few months, but declines from May to November were moderate, partially due to trans-shipment.
• Central America: Throughput dropped on both coasts, with the Pacific coast performing slightly better than the Caribbean.
• Mexico: Throughput declined on both coasts, with only a minor increase in July.
• Panama: Throughput increased throughout 2020 due to strong trans-shipment growth.

Methodology and Data Sources

• The report is based on data from 28 countries and territories, 102 terminals and ports.
• Data are presented as cumulative monthly, quarterly, or annual figures.
• Sources include:
  • Container Trades Statistics (CTS)
  • DynaLiners
  • National Water Transport Agency (ANTAQ)
  • Shipping Centre (CENNAVE)
  • Central American Commission on Maritime Transport (COCATRAM)
  • Georgia Tech Panama Logistics Innovation and Research Center
  • Port authorities and terminal operators

Conclusion and Recommendations

• The pandemic caused unprecedented disruptions to global and regional trade, with significant impacts on port activity in LAC.
• Port performance varied across subregions, with some showing signs of recovery while others continued to decline.
• Trans-shipment played a crucial role in mitigating the effects of reduced full container trade.
• Panama stood out as a notable exception due to its strong trans-shipment performance.
• The report cautions against overinterpreting changes in port rankings due to the extraordinary nature of the pandemic.

Key Information Summary

• Container trade decline: Latin America and the Caribbean saw a -2.9% year-on-year decline in 2020, while the global decline was -0.9%.
• Export and import trends: Imports were more affected than exports, with the exception of South America's east coast.
• Trans-shipment growth: Played a key role in maintaining port activity in some regions, especially the Caribbean and Panama.
• Throughput variations: Most regions experienced declines, with Panama being the only exception.
• Regional performance:
  • Best performance: South America's east coast (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay).
  • Worst performance: Caribbean and Central America's Caribbean coast, Mexico, and South America's west coast (Peru and Chile).

Bibliography and Publications of Interest

• ECLAC (2020a): Interactive tool for port activity and logistics data.
• ECLAC (2020b): Analysis of the economic impact of the pandemic.
• World Bank (2020): Global trade decline statistics.
• Container Trades Statistics (CTS) (2021): Data source for container trade and throughput.
• DynaLiners (2021): Provided data for trade route analysis.
• Georgia Tech Panama Logistics Innovation and Research Center: Data source for Panama's port performance.