2007年-世界发展银行全球_Brazil_-_Youth_at_Risk_in_Brazil_158页_11mb

报告摘要

Summary of "Youth at Risk in Brazil" (Volume II: Technical Report)

Core Content

This technical report by the World Bank provides an in-depth analysis of the challenges faced by at-risk youth in Brazil. It highlights the socioeconomic, educational, and health-related factors that contribute to risky behaviors among young people, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to youth development.

Main Objectives

To analyze the incidence of risky behaviors among Brazilian youth in comparison to other countries.
To estimate the costs of these behaviors to both individuals and society.
To identify the determinants of risky behavior at the individual, family, community, and national levels.
To map the transition from childhood to adulthood.
To suggest policy principles and programs that can effectively address youth risk factors.

Key Findings

Youth at Risk in Brazil

A significant portion of Brazilian youth engages in risky behaviors, including early school leaving, idleness, substance use, violence, and unsafe sexual practices.
These behaviors result in negative outcomes such as HIV/AIDS, early pregnancy, poverty, and death, affecting both individuals and society.
At-risk youth are concentrated among specific groups, particularly those living in poverty, non-white communities, and those with disabilities.

Demographics and Education

Brazil has a large youth population, with 19% of the population aged 15–19.
Brazilian youth perform poorly in international assessments like PISA, ranking 40th out of 41 countries.
Illiteracy rates are notably high, especially among boys.
Educational attainment is lower than in comparable countries in Latin America and the OECD.

Labor Market and Unemployment

Young Brazilians are more likely to be unemployed than adults, with a rate of 13%, which is higher than the rest of Latin America and the OECD.
A large proportion of young people are unpaid workers or sem carteira, especially those aged 10–14.
The transition from school to work occurs earlier in Brazil compared to most Latin American countries.

Health and Risky Behavior

Brazil has one of the highest homicide rates in Latin America, with over 100 young men per 100,000 aged 15–29 murdered annually.
Suicide rates are also high among young people, particularly those with disabilities.
Young people are more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior, such as early initiation and unsafe practices, though they have higher contraception use and lower fertility rates than their peers in other countries.

Youth Heterogeneity

Youth are a diverse group, with differences in behavior based on gender, poverty, race, and region.
The concept of "youth" varies by socioeconomic and demographic factors, suggesting that a one-size-fits-all approach is ineffective.
The report recommends tailoring policies to reflect this diversity.

Policy Recommendations

Investment in Youth is Crucial: Youth development should be integrated into the national economic and social development strategy.
Prevention is Key: Early interventions are essential to prevent risky behavior, as it becomes more difficult to change behavior once it is established.
Heterogeneous Programs are Needed: Programs must be adapted to the specific needs of different youth groups.
Youth Development is Everyone’s Responsibility: Families, communities, institutions, and the government all have roles in supporting youth development.
Cross-sectoral Collaboration: A collaborative approach involving multiple sectors and organizations is necessary for effective youth policy.
Monitoring and Evaluation: High-quality systems are essential to track the effectiveness of youth programs and policies.

Conclusion

The report underscores the importance of investing in youth to ensure their healthy and productive transition into adulthood. It highlights that current investment strategies in Brazil are misaligned and fail to address the needs of at-risk youth, leading to long-term social and economic costs. By learning from global experiences and implementing targeted, evidence-based programs, Brazil can improve the well-being of its youth and foster sustainable development.

Key Tables and Figures

Table 2.1: Youth Population, 2004
Table 2.2: Population by Race, 2001 (%)
Table 2.3: Illiteracy Rates and Educational Attainment by Age, 2001
Table 2.4: Education Indicators in Select LAC and OECD Countries
Table 2.5: Adequate Schooling Level by Age, Sex, and Race (%)
Table 2.6: Earnings by Education Level, 1998
Table 2.7: Time Use and Unemployment in Selected LAC and OECD Countries
Table 2.8: Sector of Employment (%)
Table 2.9: Sexual Initiation and Contraception Use in Selected LAC and OECD Countries
Table 2.10: Youth Fertility in Brazil and Comparison Countries by Age
Table 2.11: AIDS Infections Rate by Age Group, Gender, and Year (per 100,000)
Table 2.12: Beliefs and Practices to Avoid AIDS among Low-income Young People
Table 2.13: Substance Use Rates by Age
Table 2.14: Tobacco Use by Young People
Table 2.15: Percentage of Deaths by Violent Causes (per 100,000)
Table 2.16: Mortality Rate due to Homicide (per 100,000)
Table 2.17: Homicide and Suicide Rates among Young People Aged 10–29 in Brazil and Other Countries
Table 3.1: Public Costs of Risky Behavior by Young People, 2002 Reais
Table 3.2: Private Economic Costs of Early School Leaving
Table 3.3: Private Economic Costs of Risky Behavior by Young People, 2002 Reais
Table 4.1: Key Underlying Factors Correlated with Risky Behavior
Table 4.2: Young People's Perceptions of Factors Affecting Employability
Table 4.3: Risk Factors and Early Sexual Experience among Poor Young Brazilians
Table 4.4: Motives for Using or Avoiding Drugs among Low-income Youth
Table 4.5: Risk Factors and Tobacco Use among Poor Young Brazilians
Table 4.6: Motives for Engaging in Violent Behavior
Table 4.7: Underlying Factors Influencing Suicide
Table 4.8: Correlation Among Different Kinds of Risky Behavior
Table 4.9: Factors Correlated with Risky Behavior by Demographic Group
Table 5.1: Age of School-to-Work Transition and Duration by Demographic, Geographic, and Socioeconomic Characteristics
Table 5.2: School-to-Work Transition Period in Brazil and Selected LAC Countries
Table 5.3: Percentage of Individuals Who Leave School and Find Jobs by Sector
Table 5.4: Percentage of Working Young People Who Return to School by Sector
Table 5.5: Percentage of Young School Leavers Who Become Unemployed
Table 5.6: Percentage of Unemployed Young People Who Find Jobs by Sector
Table 5.7: Percentage of School-leavers Who Are Not Working
Table 5.8: Percentage of Non-working Young People Who Find Jobs by Sector
Table 5.9: Age at Which Young Brazilians Become Household Heads
Table 5.10: International Comparisons of Age at Which Young People Become Household Heads and Mothers
Table 5.11: Age at Which Women Become Mothers
Table 6.1: Proposed Role of Each Actor in the Youth Development Strategy
Table 6.2: Effectiveness of Programs for the Unemployed
Table 7.1: The Latin America Jovenes Models – the Future of the School-to-Work Transition for At-risk Youth

Key Figures

Figure 2.1: Population by Gender and Age, 2001
Figure 2.2: Population by Region, 2001
Figure 2.3: Share of Individuals at Each Age Who are Working or Unemployed by Gender
Figure 2.4: Share of Population at Each Age Who are Working or Unemployed by Income Decile
Figure 2.5: Share of Population at Each Age Who are Working or Unemployed by Race
Figure 3.1: Current and Optimal Social Investment Strategy over the Lifecycle
Figure 4.1: Factors Affecting Young People's Propensity to Engage in Risky Behavior
Figure 4.2: Prevalence of Grade Repetition Based on the Absence or Presence of Key Factors by Gender
Figure 4.3: Prevalence of Alcohol Use with Cumulative Addition of Protective Factors
Figure 4.4: Probability of Young Brazilians from Poor Neighborhoods Using Illegal Drugs Based on Protective Factors
Figure 4.5: Proportion of Young People Who Engage in Violence with Cumulative Addition of Protective Factors
Figure 5.1: Percentage of Individuals in Each Age Group Who Exclusively Attend School
Figure 5.2: Percentage of Individuals in Each Age Group Who Exclusively Work
Figure 5.3: Percentage of Individuals in Each Age Group Who Neither Work nor Attend School
Figure 5.4: Percentage of Individuals in Each Age Group Who Both Go to School and Work
Figure 5.5: Proportion of Each Age Cohort That is a Household Head or Spouse
Figure 5.6: Proportion of Each Age Cohort Who Have Given Birth
Figure 6.1: Brazilian Youth Welfare Index by State
Figure 6.2: Full Child and Youth Welfare Index by State

Key Boxes

Box 2.1: Trafficking of Children and Adolescents for Commercial Sexual Exploitation in Brazil
Box 3.1: Education and Risk Factors
Box 3.2: Adolescent Brain Development
Box 4.1: Definitions of Key Terms
Box 4.2: Why Do Young People Engage in Risky Behavior?
Box 4.3: Methodology for the Data Collection
Box 4.4: Is the School Sample a Microcosm of Brazil?
Box 4.5: Methodology for the Analysis of Labor Force
Box 4.6: The Sexual Behavior of the Sample Differs from that of Other Brazilians
Box 4.7: Methodology for the Analysis of Violence
Box 4.8: Are Physical Disabilities a Risk Factor?
Box 5.1: Methodology for the Labor Transition Analysis
Box 6.1: The Benefits of Investing Early
Box 6.2: Providing a Support Network to Strengthen the Families of Young People
Box 6.3: Providing a Support Network for Supervised Leisure Activities
Box 6.4: Family Clinical Interventions - Helping Families to Help Young People
Box 6.5: Methodology of the Brazilian Youth Welfare Index
Box 6.6: Youth Policy by and for Young People
Box 6.7: City versus State - Opportunities for Coordination in Rio de Janeiro
Box 6.8: Putting Young People not Institutions at the Center of Policy
Box 6.9: Where Should We Spend the Money?
Box 6.10: Sources of Information for Reviewed Programs
Box 6.11: Training not only in How to Work but also in How to be Workers
Box 7.1: The Latin America Jovenes Models – the Future of the School-to-Work Transition for At-risk Youth?