2024-10-27-世界经济论坛-减少黑碳排放_快速行动计划（英）_32页_4mb

报告摘要

Summary of Black Carbon Reduction: A Rapid Action Plan

Core Content

This white paper by the World Economic Forum outlines the urgent need for global action on black carbon (BC) reduction, highlighting the significant climate, health and development benefits of mitigating BC emissions. Despite these benefits, the global policy response has been slow and incomplete, prompting the need for a more strategic and coordinated approach.

Black carbon, a potent climate pollutant, has a warming effect 1,500 times greater than CO₂ and contributes to global warming and extreme heat exposure. It is also a major contributor to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, with an estimated 3.2 million premature deaths annually linked to household air pollution from solid fuel and kerosene combustion. BC affects regional weather patterns, reducing snow and ice albedo, which accelerates melting and threatens water and food security.

Main Benefits of BC Mitigation

Source	Actions	Health Benefits	Climate Benefits	Social Benefits
Residential	Use cleaner fuels for cooking and heating	770,000 deaths could be avoided by eliminating solid biofuel combustion.	Highly efficient stoves can reduce fuel use by 30-60%, cutting both CO₂ and BC.	Gender equality and women's empowerment.
	Replace kerosene lamps with cleaner lighting	Cleaner lighting prevents exposure to kerosene fumes equivalent to smoking 20 cigarettes per day.	Eliminating annual BC emissions from kerosene lamps is equivalent to 5 gigatons of carbon reduction over 20 years.	Better quality of life and reduced risk of poisoning and burns.
	Reduce wood burning in saunas, fireplaces and stoves	In Finland, reduction of small-scale wood combustion can prevent about 200 premature deaths annually.	Maximum feasible controls for wood-burning boilers could cut emissions 63% by 2030.	Less air pollution and better forest protection for all.
Transport	Implement stringent emission standards for new diesel engines and fuels	Global adoption of world-class standards could reduce PM-related premature deaths annually by 75% in 2030.	Would reduce short-lived climate pollutants, including BC, by 710 million metric tonnes of CO₂e annually.	Better ecosystem health.
	Bring in new diesel vehicles, engines and diesel fuel	A modelled scenario for replacing 300 diesel buses in the Philippines identified economic benefits of $9.5 million in avoided premature deaths.	Climate benefits worth $4-12 million depending on the assumed discount rate and social price of carbon.	Less soiling of buildings and the environment.
	Use cleaner marine fuels	Cleaner marine fuel would reduce premature mortality due to ship emissions by 34%.	If the EU requires ships in the Arctic to use cleaner distillate fuels, it would reduce BC emissions by 50-80%.	Better quality of life and natural ecosystem for Arctic communities.
Industry	Upgrade brick kiln technologies	In Nepal, converting fixed chimneys to zig-zag kilns (ZZK) could cut PM2.5 by 20% per kg of fuel used.	ZZK would cut BC emissions in Nepal by 30% and in Pakistan by 60%.	Improved tourism value in rural areas previously plagued with black smoke.
	Upgrade coke ovens	In Pakistan, converting to ZZK technology can reduce particulate matter by 40%.	-	-
	Eliminate gas flaring except where necessary for safety	China's ban on beehive coke ovens reduced the estimated frequency of lung cancer cases.	China's PM2.5 control measures cut baseline emissions of the coking industry in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei by 68% from 2015 to 2019.	Improved tourism value in rural areas previously plagued with black smoke.
	Ban open burning of agricultural and forest waste	Eliminating flaring in the US would yield health benefits by avoiding up to 360 premature deaths annually.	Eliminating non-emergency flaring by 2030 would cut overall flaring by 95% and avoid 365 million tons of CO₂e emissions.	Greater fuel security for all, less demand for new gas projects could support the energy transition.

Key Barriers and Gaps

Diplomacy Gap: BC is not included in most climate action plans due to its exclusion from the six GHGs designated by the UNFCCC. Only 17 countries have integrated BC into their NDCs, with limited and varied commitments.
Regulatory Gap: There is a lack of a robust policy and regulatory framework to support BC mitigation. This includes standards, measurements, enforcement, and enabling policies.
Financing Gap: BC mitigation actions face significant challenges in securing adequate financing. For instance, upfront and operational costs are major barriers to the adoption of clean cookstoves in Sub-Saharan Africa, and brick kiln operators lack access to financial resources and expertise.
Technological Gap: There is a lack of cost-effective, locally appropriate technologies for BC mitigation. While cleaner diesel fuel and particulate filters are used in on-road transport, their uptake in off-road and maritime sectors is complex. In aviation, alternative fuels for BC reduction have mixed results.
Knowledge and Awareness Gap: Accurate, clear and timely information is needed to support BC mitigation. Without this, public and officials may not be motivated to adopt cleaner practices.

Regional Responses

China: China has been tracking BC science for the last 15-20 years and has implemented measures such as converting solid-fuel heating systems to natural gas, banning agricultural burning, and switching to cleaner fuels. However, these measures are not yet fully extended nationwide.
India: India has taken steps to reduce BC emissions, including the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) to promote cleaner cooking fuels and a commitment to the global ZEV declaration. Despite these efforts, implementation remains limited due to financial and knowledge barriers.
Nigeria: Nigeria joined the Climate and Clean Air Coalition and adopted a National Plan to Reduce SLCPs, which includes eliminating gas flaring, reducing waste burning, and converting diesel buses to natural gas. However, financing remains a major obstacle, with only 11% of required climate finance flows achieved in 2019-20.
Brazil and United States: These countries have also taken steps, but their focus and implementation levels vary, with Brazil addressing BC through various policies and the US focusing on monitoring and reducing emissions from specific sectors.

Potential Next Steps

For BC-emitting countries:
- Address residential cooking and heating by promoting cleaner fuels and replacing kerosene lamps.
- Implement stringent emission standards for new diesel vehicles and engines.
- Use cleaner shipping fuels, particularly in Arctic regions.
- Upgrade brick kiln and coke oven technologies.
- Eliminate open burning of agricultural and forest waste.
For the global community:
- Give each climate pollutant its due, especially BC.
- Identify, demonstrate and share best BC mitigation practices.
- Foster South-South regional cooperation on common source types.
- Make grid connectivity a core objective of rural development.
- Prioritize financing for BC mitigation in vulnerable communities.

Conclusion

The paper emphasizes that no single country or region can overcome all the implementation barriers alone. It calls for global buy-in and investment in legal frameworks, technical tools and financial mechanisms to make BC mitigation possible. The ultimate goal is to achieve a just transition by leveraging BC mitigation as a development action that improves air quality, public health and climate resilience.

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