WTO-世界海关组织-世贸组织关于颠覆性技术的研究报告（英）-200页_5mb

WCO/WTO Study Report on Disruptive Technologies (June 2022) Summary

Core Content

The WCO/WTO Study Report on Disruptive Technologies provides an in-depth analysis of the role and potential of emerging technologies in enhancing customs and border management. It highlights the importance of integrating these technologies to support efficient and secure cross-border trade, as well as to meet the evolving demands of global supply chains. The report emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to technology adoption, considering interlinkages and the broader context of digital transformation.

Main Viewpoints

• Disruptive technologies are those that significantly change how customs and border management functions, such as blockchain, IoT, AI/ML, biometrics, drones, and VR/AR.
• These technologies offer opportunities for trade facilitation, security, compliance, and data-driven decision-making.
• Smart Customs must be developed to manage global supply chains more effectively, focusing on minimizing clearance time and costs while improving risk management and data sharing.
• Collaboration between customs administrations, the private sector, and international organizations is essential for successful implementation and policy development.
• The report is a living document, regularly updated to reflect new developments, case studies, and recommendations.

Key Technologies and Their Potential

1. Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)

• Enables secure, transparent, and immutable data sharing across multiple parties.
• Potential use in customs clearance, inter-agency cooperation, certification, compliance, revenue collection, and post-clearance audit.
• Currently in experimental or pilot phases with only two customs administrations reporting full deployment.
• 26 authorities have plans for implementation, while 45 have no plans.

2. Internet of Things (IoT)

• Expected to include over 30 billion devices by 2025.
• Helps monitor and track goods, enabling better risk assessment and supply chain management.
• Used in X-ray/CT scanning, QR/barcode readers, automated license plate readers, cameras, and e-seals.
• 45% of customs authorities use IoT, with 9% planning to deploy it.

3. Big Data, Data Analytics, AI, and ML

• Provide the ability to analyze and predict patterns in large datasets, improving risk management, fraud detection, and trade efficiency.
• Used for tariff classification, revenue collection, identity verification, and AEO compliance.
• Almost 45% of customs authorities use these technologies.

4. Biometrics

• Used to combat identity fraud, secure data, and improve user experience.
• Commonly applied in border control, verification of identities, and access control.
• Considerations include security, privacy, and legal frameworks.
• Ongoing projects include biometric data collection and integration with other systems.

5. Drones

• Already used in surveillance and monitoring of ports and coastal areas.
• Can help in drug smuggling prevention, aerial assistance, and underwater inspection.
• The use of drones raises regulatory and policy considerations for customs administrations.

6. Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality

• Used in training and inspections to improve efficiency and accuracy.
• Offers visual assistance in physical inspections and visualization of big data sets.
• Can be used to simulate scenarios for customs personnel in a low-risk environment.

7. 3D Printing

• Predicted to have a major impact on customs operations, especially in origin, valuation, IPR, and security.
• 1.4 million 3D printers were shipped in 2018, with an estimated 8 million by 2027.
• New HS code 84.85 was introduced in 2022 to better classify 3D printers and monitor their impact on trade.

Strategy for Technology Implementation

• Technology should align with customs mandates, focusing on areas critical to trade facilitation, security, and compliance.
• Fail fast, recover fast is a key principle in the implementation of new technologies.
• Data migration and scalability are important factors in choosing technologies for future use.
• Public-private partnerships and inter-agency collaboration are essential for successful adoption and innovation.

Recommendations

• Customs administrations should explore and adopt disruptive technologies to enhance their operations.
• Collaboration with the private sector and other stakeholders is crucial for innovation and implementation.
• Pilot projects and proofs of concept should be developed and tested to assess the impact and feasibility of new technologies.
• Policy development and regulatory frameworks need to evolve to accommodate new technological trends.
• Training and capacity building should be prioritized to ensure that customs personnel are equipped to use these technologies effectively.

Conclusion

The report underscores the importance of staying informed about disruptive technologies and their potential to transform customs and border management. It highlights the confidence and interest in expanding their use, as well as the need for continuous monitoring and policy adaptation. The study report serves as a resource for policymakers and a guide for future technology integration in customs operations.

Annex: Case Studies

• Case studies from the 2019 version were updated or removed if considered redundant.
• New case studies were added, reflecting the latest implementations and innovative uses of disruptive technologies by customs and other stakeholders.