2024-12-22-世界经济论坛-超越成本_国家对制造业和供应链未来的准备（英）_36页_1mb

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tao hus shi ju

summary

The whitepaper "Beyond Cost: Country Readiness for the Future of Manufacturing and Supply Chains" explores seven key readiness factors that countries must cultivate to attract foreign investment and remain competitive in the evolving global manufacturing landscape.

Over the past decade, the focus for businesses has shifted from solely optimizing production costs to balancing multiple factors such as performance, resilience, and sustainability. Leaders are increasingly adopting geographic diversification strategies, with nearly half planning to derive a majority of sourcing from two distinct regions.

Analysis of macro-dynamic trends post-financial crisis and country strategies reveals four distinct country archetypes defined by manufacturing's contribution to GDP and GDP per capita: Adapters (low contribution, below-average GDP), Convergers (low-to-medium contribution, above-average GDP), Connectors (high contribution, below-average GDP), and Scalers (high contribution, above-average GDP).

Countries within each archetype exhibit varying levels of attractiveness for manufacturing, influenced by their performance across seven critical readiness factors:

1. Infrastructure: Includes physical infrastructure (transportation, utilities, logistics) and digital infrastructure (high-speed internet, data centers, cybersecurity, integration of IoT/AI/big data). Investment in intelligent infrastructure is becoming crucial alongside traditional physical assets.

2. Resources and Energy: Focuses on access to essential raw materials and diversification of sustainable energy resources (energy mix, renewables) critical for operations.

3. Technology: Encompasses technology adoption (automation, digital transformation), innovation systems, intellectual property protection (enforcement, laws), frontier technology readiness (AI, etc.), cybersecurity, and high-technology exports.

4. Labour and Skills: Highlights the importance of skilled labour availability (especially for technology), labour flexibility and retention, workforce costs, and education/training (STEM focus).

5. Fiscal and Regulatory: Covers fiscal incentives/easiness to operate, tax competitiveness, regulatory quality and transparency, legal system efficiency.

6. Geopolitical Landscape: Addresses international relations/alliances, diplomatic stability, trade agreements/tariffs (cross-border), safety perception, and geopolitical stability as factors influencing supply chain choices.

7. Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG): Increasingly critical, with focus on sustainability competitiveness, alignment with net-zero goals, corporate governance standards, social responsibility (labour rights), and efforts towards a circular economy.

Public-private partnerships were featured as effective mechanisms in several countries, showcasing how collaboration can drive policy implementation and attract significant investment.

Successful implementation of coherent policies across these readiness factors, often tailored to specific industry needs, is seen as crucial for countries aiming to shape their future industrial competitiveness and become favourable destinations for next-generation manufacturing investment. The document emphasizes the need for deep public-private collaboration and a forward-looking approach to navigate the challenges of global trade and technological change.