2017年-世界发展银行全球_Somalia_Security_and_Justice_Public_Expenditure_Review_133页_5mb

Summary of Somalia Security and Justice Sector Public Expenditure Review (SJPER)

Core Content

The Somalia Security and Justice Sector Public Expenditure Review (SJPER) is a joint initiative by the World Bank and the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM), conducted in 2017. It aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the financial sustainability and affordability of the security and justice sectors in Somalia, with a focus on the role of public finance management (PFM) in supporting state-building and peacebuilding efforts.

The report outlines the challenges and opportunities for reform in the security and justice sectors, emphasizing the need for institutional strengthening, financial transparency, and sustainable funding sources.

Main Findings

1. Security Challenges and Fiscal Implications

• Somalia faces two major security challenges: the ongoing insurgency by Al-Shabaab and the establishment of a federal state.
• Al-Shabaab remains a significant threat, requiring a coordinated response from both the federal government and international partners.
• The creation of a federal structure necessitates negotiated security arrangements between the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and federal member states.
• Security issues are not limited to conflict; they also include fraud, corruption, clan rivalry, and organized crime.
• Maritime security and anti-piracy efforts are critical and costly, with international contributions playing a key role.

2. Current Security Sector Spending

• The FGS spends around $67.5 million in 2014 and $44 million in 2015 on security, representing 45% and 33% of the national budget respectively.
• The security sector is heavily reliant on donor stipends and external funding, with a significant portion of the budget allocated to allowances and rations.
• There are approximately 40-45,000 armed personnel in the formal security sector, including the Somali National Army (SNA), Somali Police Force (SPF), and Somali National Air Force (SNAF), receiving official compensation.
• Additionally, there are 20-25,000 militias involved in informal taxation and extraction, which also contribute to the security burden.

3. Justice Sector Overview

• The justice sector is underfunded and lacks a strategic approach to integrating customary (xeer) and formal legal systems.
• Annual spending on formal justice services is around $10.5 million, which is insufficient to meet the needs of the population.
• The justice system is fragmented, with limited institutional capacity and accountability mechanisms.
• The judiciary, prosecution, and police face challenges in delivering services efficiently and effectively.

4. Financial Sustainability and Affordability

• Security and justice expenditures are projected to range from $150-220 million annually over the next decade, depending on the cost scenario.
• The current FGS revenue is around $246 million per year (as of 2016), including $100 million in non-security external grants, which is insufficient to support the sector without significant external support or increased domestic revenues.
• The sector is facing structural budget deficits and arrears, which are exacerbated by unrealistic revenue forecasts and cash rationing.
• The report highlights the need for a sustainable and diversified revenue base to reduce reliance on external funding.

5. Public Financial Management (PFM) Issues

• PFM systems in Somalia are weak and fragmented, with limited institutional controls and manual processes.
• There is a lack of consensus on a unified payroll system for security personnel, leading to inefficiencies and leakage.
• The PFM system has not kept pace with the legal framework, which is increasingly outdated.
• The report emphasizes the importance of improving PFM practices, including better accountability, reporting, and oversight.

Key Policy Options

• Enhance Domestic Revenue Generation: Expand the tax base, improve collection efficiency, and diversify revenue sources to reduce reliance on external assistance.
• Strengthen PFM Systems: Implement more robust financial management practices, including payroll systems, procurement processes, and accountability mechanisms.
• Integrate Security Forces: Formalize and integrate armed groups into a federal structure, ensuring they are placed on a public payroll and subject to institutional oversight.
• Improve Justice Sector Capacity: Strengthen the rule of law by enhancing the capacity of formal justice institutions and promoting the integration of customary and formal legal systems.
• Promote Fiscal Coordination: Improve intergovernmental coordination to ensure efficient use of resources and alignment with national priorities.

Conclusion

The SJPER underscores the critical importance of the security and justice sectors in the (re)building of the Somali state. It highlights the need for a sustainable and efficient public finance system to support these sectors, while also addressing the broader challenges of institutional capacity, political stability, and economic growth. The report serves as a guide for policymakers and international partners in making informed decisions on resource allocation and sector reform.