联合国儿童基金会：2024年全球儿童报告_226页_8mb

The State of the World's Children 2023: For Every Child, Vaccination

Core Content

The State of the World's Children 2023 report highlights the importance of vaccination in protecting children's health and promoting equity. It underscores the challenges that have emerged in recent years, particularly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which disrupted global immunization efforts and left many children unvaccinated. The report emphasizes the need for a renewed focus on primary health care, vaccine confidence, and sustainable financing to ensure that every child is protected against preventable diseases.

Main Points

1. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Vaccination

• The pandemic caused significant disruptions to immunization services, leading to 67 million children missing out on routine vaccinations between 2019 and 2021, with 48 million missing out entirely.
• Vaccination rates dropped to levels not seen since 2008.
• The pandemic exacerbated existing challenges, including health worker shortages, limited access to vaccines, and increased vaccine hesitancy.
• The report calls for catch-up and recovery efforts to restore immunization services and reach children who missed out.

2. Zero-Dose Children: A Growing Concern

• Zero-dose children are those who have not received any vaccines.
• These children are often from poor, marginalized, or conflict-affected communities.
• In the poorest households, 1 in 5 children are zero-dose, while in the wealthiest, it is 1 in 20.
• In West and Central Africa, the gap is even more pronounced: 1 in 2 children in the poorest households are zero-dose, compared to 1 in 16 in the wealthiest.
• Gender inequality also plays a role, as children of mothers with no or little education are more likely to be zero-dose.

3. Equity in Vaccination

• The report advocates for an equity agenda to ensure that all children, regardless of background, have access to vaccines.
• Key recommendations include:
  • Vaccinate every child, everywhere
  • Strengthen demand and confidence in vaccination
  • Invest more and better in immunization and health services
  • Build resilient health systems

4. Building Vaccine Confidence

• Vaccine confidence is crucial for achieving immunization goals.
• The pandemic has led to increased hesitancy in many regions.
• Strategies to build confidence include:
  • Community engagement and dialogue
  • Social listening and monitoring of public sentiment
  • Pro-vaccine education and public messaging
  • Applying a gender lens to improve outreach

5. Funding and Innovation

• Funding immunization remains a critical challenge, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
• The report stresses the importance of sustainable financing and innovation to support future immunization efforts.
• New vaccines and technologies, such as cold chain improvements and digital tools, are being developed to enhance vaccine delivery and coverage.

6. Role of Primary Health Care

• Strengthening primary health care systems is essential for ensuring long-term immunization coverage.
• Integration of immunization services into primary health care allows for continuous and predictable care, which is more sustainable than short-term campaigns.
• The report highlights the importance of supporting health workers, especially women, who are at the front line of immunization efforts.

Key Information

• UNICEF has been at the forefront of global immunization efforts for over 40 years.
• Vaccines save lives, but 4.4 million lives are saved annually, with the potential to rise to 5.8 million by 2030 if the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030) goals are met.
• Every dollar spent on vaccination delivers a return of US$26, highlighting the cost-effectiveness of immunization.
• Zero-dose children are a major concern, especially in conflict-affected and fragile settings.
• Health worker support is crucial, including better pay, career opportunities, and recognition of community health workers.
• Collaboration between UNICEF, Gavi, WHO, and other partners is vital to achieving immunization goals and building resilient health systems.

Case Studies

• Somalia: Highlighted the impact of the pandemic on immunization and the need for stronger community engagement.
• Indonesia: Demonstrated the importance of catch-up and recovery in immunization services.
• Cambodia: Showcased the role of socioeconomic factors in vaccine access.
• Nigeria: Emphasized the availability, accessibility, and affordability challenges.
• Nicaragua: Focused on community-based interventions to improve vaccine coverage.
• Yemen: Stressed the need for health system strengthening in conflict zones.
• Pakistan: Highlighted the role of community engagement and health worker support.
• Haiti: Demonstrated the importance of local partnerships and health worker training.
• Uzbekistan: Showcased the potential of innovation and local manufacturing in vaccine delivery.

Conclusion

The report concludes that while progress has been made in immunization, the pandemic has set back efforts and inequities persist. To achieve the goal of vaccinating every child, a multi-faceted approach is needed, including investment in primary health care, support for health workers, building vaccine confidence, and sustainable financing. The State of the World's Children 2023 serves as a call to action for governments, partners, and communities to work together to ensure that no child is left behind in the fight against vaccine-preventable diseases.