2013年-世界发展银行全球_Tourism_in_Africa___Harnessing_Tourism_for_Growth_and_Improved_Livelihoods_271页_18mb

Summary of "Tourism in Africa: Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods"

Core Content

This report by the World Bank provides an in-depth analysis of the tourism sector in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and highlights its potential to drive economic growth and improve livelihoods. It draws on a comprehensive set of 24 case studies from across the globe, including countries in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America, to identify common strategies and challenges in tourism development. The report emphasizes the need for strategic government-private sector collaboration, policy reforms, and infrastructure development to unlock tourism's transformative power in Africa.

Main Viewpoints

• Tourism as a Development Tool: Tourism is recognized as a powerful driver of economic growth and job creation, with the potential to generate significant employment and income for local communities.
• Global Impact of Tourism: Tourism contributes over 9% of global GDP, 5.8% of global exports, and 4.5% of global investment, indicating its global economic importance.
• Africa's Tourism Potential: Africa is in a unique position to leverage tourism for development, with the potential to create 3.8 million jobs in the next decade.
• Challenges to Growth: Several constraints hinder tourism development in SSA, including political instability, inadequate infrastructure, high costs of travel, and lack of skilled labor.
• Policy and Institutional Support: Effective policy frameworks and institutional coordination are essential for tourism development. The report stresses the importance of creating a business-friendly environment and improving public services such as transport and electricity.
• Sustainability and Management: Sustainable tourism requires careful management of environmental and social impacts. The report advocates for the use of economic rents, tourist user fees, and environmental taxes to ensure long-term viability.
• Role of Donors: Donors have played a crucial role in funding research, policy advocacy, and infrastructure development in the tourism sector. The Multi-Donor Trust Fund and the Trade Facilitation Facility are key contributors.

Key Information

Tourism Performance and Potential in SSA

• Tourism accounts for 7.9% of GDP and 31.4% of exports in some countries.
• The sector is directly and indirectly responsible for 8.8% of global jobs and 9.1% of global GDP.
• In 2010, international tourist arrivals in SSA increased by 8%, despite the global financial crisis.
• The report forecasts substantial investment from global hotel chains in Africa over the coming years.

Essential Tourism Services

• Accommodation: Key to tourism growth, with hotels and resorts playing a central role.
• Air Transport: A major constraint due to high costs and limited routes and frequency.
• Road Transport: Important for connecting tourist sites and improving accessibility.
• Tour Operators: Vital in shaping the tourism experience and promoting destinations.

Tourists and Tourism Products

• Tourists in SSA are diverse, including international visitors and domestic travelers.
• Traditional tourism products include wildlife, cultural, and adventure tourism.
• Emerging products such as ecotourism and MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions) are gaining traction.

Constraints to Tourism Growth

• Land Availability: Access to land and its use rights are critical for tourism expansion.
• Access to Finance: Limited access to funding is a major barrier for tourism development.
• Taxes: High tourism-related taxes can discourage investment.
• Skills and Training: A lack of skilled labor and training programs hinders growth.
• Security and Health: Political instability and poor healthcare infrastructure affect tourist confidence.
• Bureaucracy and Red Tape: Excessive regulation can slow down development and investment.

Strategic Decisions for Tourism Sustainability

• Scale of Development: Appropriate scale of tourism projects is important to ensure long-term viability.
• Value Chain Diagnosis: Understanding and improving the value chain is essential for competitiveness.
• Economic Rents: Using economic rents and user fees can help finance sustainable tourism.
• Environmental Taxes: These can be used to support conservation and environmental management.
• Auctions and Leases: Transparent land use policies are necessary for attracting investment.

Recommendations for Tourism Development

• Pre-Emerging Countries: Need to address security and health concerns, and improve infrastructure.
• Scaling Up Tourism: Focus on land access, tenure, and regulatory consistency.
• Sustaining Tourism Success: Emphasize local value addition and sustainable management practices.

Case Studies

The report includes case studies from various countries, highlighting successful strategies and challenges faced in developing tourism:

• Costa Rica: Ecotourism certification as a model for sustainable development.
• Cape Verde: Transformation through tourism and political reforms.
• Dominica: A model for eco-tourism and community-based management.
• Dominican Republic: Rapid growth of the tourism sector, supported by infrastructure and policy.
• Egypt: Tourism as a key export sector.
• Indonesia: Balancing cultural preservation with tourism development.
• Jordan: Integration of tourism with transit and industry.
• Kenya: Business and conference tourism as growth areas.
• Maldives: Incremental expansion and environmental management.
• Mauritius: A competitive tourism market with strong government support.
• Mexico: Cancun's transformation into a global tourist hub.
• Morocco: Challenges in tourism development and public-private partnerships.
• Namibia: Land conservancies for wildlife protection and tourism.
• Rwanda: Community-based tourism and conservation efforts.
• Singapore: Tourism as a key sector with a focus on quality and safety.
• Tanzania: Wildlife tourism and the need for local value addition.
• Tunisia: Infrastructure development and public tourism organizations.
• Turkey: Government-led tourism growth and its impact on the economy.

Conclusion

The report underscores that tourism can be a transformative force for Africa's development if properly planned and supported. It calls for a collaborative approach between governments and the private sector, policy reforms, and investment in infrastructure and human capital. By addressing the identified constraints and learning from successful global examples, African countries can harness tourism for sustainable growth and improved livelihoods.