【OECD】2024年全球建筑脱碳政策监测报告-多级方法_106页_3mb

Summary of OECD Urban Studies: Global Monitoring of Policies for Decarbonising Buildings

Core Content

This report, Global Monitoring of Policies for Decarbonising Buildings: A Multi-level Approach, presents an analysis of current and emerging policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions from buildings globally. It highlights the critical role of buildings in contributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly in large cities like New York, Paris, and Tokyo, where they account for nearly 70% of energy-related CO₂ emissions. With urban populations expected to grow by 2.5 billion by 2050, the report stresses the need for urgent and strategic action to decarbonise the built environment.

The OECD conducted a Global Survey on Buildings and Climate across 28 countries in Africa, America, Asia, and Europe to gather insights on decarbonisation strategies. The findings reveal that while over 140 countries have announced net-zero targets, many lack concrete quantitative targets and monitoring mechanisms for local decarbonisation efforts. Only 54% of responding countries have integrated building-related actions into their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and only 46% have developed specific fossil fuel phase-out plans for heating and cooling systems.

Main Views and Key Information

1. Policy Goals and Measures

• Energy Efficiency Measures: Most countries (89%) have implemented mandatory energy-efficiency codes, and 86% offer financial incentives such as subsidies and low-interest loans.
• Building Codes: Insulation is the most commonly addressed element in building codes (79%), while whole-life carbon is given less attention (7%).
• Current Priorities: Energy-related measures dominate current policy priorities, but there is a clear shift towards whole-life carbon and circularity in future planning.
• Climate Resilience: Only 25% of countries have regulations for extreme heat, and 21% for floods and storms. Financial incentives for climate resilience are limited, with 29% supporting measures against extreme heat and 18% for flood and storm protection.
• Monitoring Frameworks: Only 54% of responding countries have local-level monitoring frameworks, indicating a significant gap in tracking progress.

2. Step-by-Step Approach

• The report advocates for a gradual and incremental approach to decarbonising buildings, avoiding abrupt policy changes.
• France's RE2020 regulation exemplifies this approach, involving extensive data collection, stakeholder involvement, and pilot projects before national rollout.
• Japan has also adopted a step-by-step strategy, starting with large non-residential buildings and planning to extend standards to small non-residential and all residential buildings by 2025.
• Helsinki and Rotterdam are mentioned as cities that have tested decarbonisation measures ahead of national implementation, providing valuable feedback and lessons.

3. Multi-Level Policy Approach

• Horizontal Coordination: 93% of responding countries involve at least three ministries in their decarbonisation strategies, indicating a need for inter-ministerial collaboration.
• Vertical Coordination: National governments support local efforts through funding, toolkits, and online platforms. For example, the Netherlands’ PAW (Natural Gas-free Neighbourhood Programme) coordinates efforts across all levels of government.
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): 54% of countries have established funding programmes for SMEs, but more support is needed to accelerate the transition.
• Climate Resilience Measures: Countries are increasingly focusing on climate resilience, with 75% offering publicly accessible geographic databases for climate risk information.

4. Policy Recommendations

• Tailored Step-by-Step Roadmaps: Countries should develop incremental, adaptable plans that break down complex challenges into manageable steps. This includes setting clear, ambitious goals with measurable targets and starting with low-hanging fruit such as specific building types.
• Multi-Level Coordination: Strengthening collaboration across all levels of government and sectors is essential. Cities should be seen as testbeds for scalable national policies, and public-private partnerships must be leveraged to support SMEs.
• International Collaboration: Promote knowledge sharing and best practices through international cooperation, such as the Chaillot Declaration, which involves over 70 countries. This includes technical assistance and technology transfer to support global decarbonisation efforts.

Conclusion

The report underscores the importance of a balanced and strategic approach to decarbonising buildings. It calls for a combination of localised strategies, multi-level coordination, and international collaboration to effectively reduce emissions and enhance climate resilience. By learning from global examples and adapting policies to local conditions, countries can make steady progress toward sustainable urban development. The OECD continues to support policymakers through data collection, best practices, and innovative policy dialogues, with a focus on whole-life carbon approaches and sustainable real estate investment.