2018年-世界发展银行全球_Unlocking_Energy_Efficiency_Potentials_in_Cities_in_Kazakhstan_23页_1mb

Summary of Synthesis Report: Unlocking Energy Efficiency Potentials in Cities in Kazakhstan

Core Content

This report presents the key findings of the "Energy Efficiency Transformation in Astana and Almaty" study, conducted by the World Bank between 2016 and 2017. It highlights the opportunities and challenges for improving energy efficiency (EE) in the municipal service sectors of these two major cities in Kazakhstan, and outlines strategies for achieving energy savings by 2030. The study is part of the Kazakhstan Energy Efficiency Project (P130013), funded by the World Bank's Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP).

Main Views

• Energy Efficiency as a Key Tool: EE is seen as a critical policy tool for addressing energy shortages, improving industrial competitiveness, and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It can bring economic, social, and environmental benefits.
• Urban Growth and Energy Demand: With over 60% of the population living in cities, and expected to rise to 64% by 2050, urban areas are major contributors to energy consumption and GHG emissions.
• Kazakhstan's Economic Context: Kazakhstan, an energy-driven economy, has been adjusting to the drop in oil prices since 2012. It is pursuing economic diversification and a shift towards a sustainable, green economy.
• National and Local EE Strategies: Kazakhstan has set national targets to reduce energy intensity of GDP by 25% by 2020 and 50% by 2050. The Green Economy Policy (GEP) and the 2030 Strategy for Development emphasize EE and renewable energy sources (RES).
• Local Implementation: The study focuses on the municipal service sectors, including street lighting, municipal buildings, public transport, water & wastewater, solid waste, and heat & power, to identify and prioritize EE opportunities.

Key Information

Energy Consumption and Expenditure

• The report uses 2015 as the baseline year for energy consumption data.
• The exchange rate is US$1 = KZT 222 (as of 2015).
• Cities in Kazakhstan have high Primary Energy Consumption (PEC) per capita (90-91 GJ/capita), ranking medium-to-high compared to peer cities.

Municipal Energy Consumption Profile

• The TRACE tool was used to assess energy performance and EE potential across sectors.
• Both Astana and Almaty have significant potential for energy savings (30-40%) by adopting better practices and technologies.

Sector Analysis

Municipal Buildings

• Account for 7% of the building stock in both cities.
• Energy consumption is high due to outdated building codes, lack of EE requirements, and inefficient lighting and heating systems.
• Up to 50% of energy can be saved through EE measures.
• Challenges include lack of a comprehensive database, limited energy audits, and insufficient funding for rehabilitation and retrofit.

Street Lighting

• Energy savings potential is up to 50%.
• Both cities use high-pressure sodium (HPS) and mercury lamps, with limited LED adoption.
• High voltage fluctuations and the mandatory use of domestic equipment pose technical and quality challenges.
• Astana uses twice as much energy per light pole as Almaty.

Heat & Power

• Energy losses are significant: 13-15% in power, 13.6-20% in heat.
• Annual losses amount to hundreds of millions of dollars, with Astana losing US$150 million and Almaty US$120 million in 2015.
• Infrastructure is aging, and maintenance and modernization are lacking due to limited funding.
• Heat and power generation is primarily from CHP plants, with some coal and natural gas usage in Almaty and coal and mazut in Astana.

Implementation Needs

• An integrated approach is needed, including investment, planning, good projects, and implementation capacity.
• The report recommends pilot projects in Astana and Almaty to demonstrate the benefits of EE interventions.
• The success of these projects can be replicated in other municipalities, leading to substantial national energy savings and cost reductions.

Policy and Institutional Context

• Kazakhstan has established the Law on Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency (2012, amended in 2015).
• The country has pledged to reduce GHG emissions by 15% (or potentially 25%) by 2030 under the Paris Agreement.
• The Nurly Zhol program (US$9 billion) supports infrastructure development, including heat and water systems.
• The Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund (EERF) and Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) are mechanisms proposed to support EE investments.

Conclusion

• Cities in Kazakhstan have significant EE potential, especially in municipal buildings, street lighting, and heat & power sectors.
• Implementing EE measures can reduce energy costs, improve service quality, and contribute to national and global climate goals.
• The study emphasizes the need for a clear implementation strategy, adequate funding, and collaboration between local governments, private entities, and international partners.