2017年-世界发展银行全球_Papua_New_Guinea_Rural_WaSH_Sustainability_Study_116页_4mb

Papua New Guinea Rural WaSH Sustainability Study Summary

Core Content

This study, conducted by FH Designs in partnership with the PNG WaSH Policy Task Force and four NGOs, aimed to assess the sustainability and equity of rural water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) systems in Papua New Guinea (PNG). It also explored the potential of using Information Communication Technology (ICT) for monitoring and improving service delivery.

Main Objectives

1. Identify practical approaches to improve the sustainability and equitable delivery of rural WaSH services.
2. Evaluate the potential for an ICT-based monitoring system for rural water supply.

Key Findings

Water Supply Systems

• Sustainability Performance: Out of 20 water supply systems studied, six were rated as 'high' performing, and five were rated as 'sub-standard' or 'no service'. Two systems (Mungkip and Gain) had completely failed.
• Functionality Sub-Criteria: Quantity, quality, access, and reliability were used to evaluate system performance.
• Management: Water Management Committees (WMCs) were reported as the most important factor for maintenance. However, most WMCs were not performing strongly.
• Factors Influencing Sustainability:
  • Maintenance (14%)
  • WMCs (12%)
  • Community ownership (8.5%)
  • Financial sustainability (7.5%)
  • Conflict (6.5%)
• Rainwater Harvesting Systems:
  • More reliant on external support than gravity-fed systems.
  • Only one WMC was active among the five rainwater systems.
  • Communities with rainwater systems showed greater dependency on implementing agencies.

Sanitation and Hygiene

• Service Level Assessments: Based on 177 household questionnaires, field observations, and community consultations.
• Coverage: 7 high, 6 medium, and 6 low coverage communities.
• Use: 85% of households used their latrines, with all but one community rated as 'high' or 'improved'.
• Maintenance: 72% of households had performed some maintenance on their latrines in the past. Common tasks included digging new pits and sourcing materials.
• Factors Influencing Sustainability:
  • Subsidies (14.6%)
  • Quality (14.3%)
  • Access (13.5%)
  • Attitudes (13.1%)
• Handwashing Facilities: Only 5% of households had any handwashing facility, and only 1 had soap. Initial uptake was likely poor, and this is not necessarily a sustainability issue.

Equity and Inclusion

• Gender Equity: Women are primarily responsible for managing water in the household, and they value household toilets more for health and convenience.
• Social Inclusion: Marginalized groups, including people with disabilities and those living with HIV/AIDS, face challenges in accessing water and sanitation services.
• Community Ownership: Important for gravity-fed systems but less so for rainwater systems, which are often controlled by individuals or small groups.
• Decision-Making: Men remain the main decision-makers for sanitation infrastructure, despite women's active participation in WaSH activities.

Monitoring and Technology

• Institutional Demand: A National WaSH Management Information System (MIS) is needed, with the proposed NWSHA responsible for its implementation.
• Data Collection: Requires collaboration between multiple agencies, including local governments, NGOs, and the private sector.
• ICT Potential: Mobile phone coverage is widespread (75% in 2012, projected to reach 100% by 2014). SMS technology is a feasible option for data collection and reporting.
• Recommendations:
  • Pilot the MIS, especially data collection and transmission methods.
  • Focus on capacity building for data collectors.
  • Use existing ICT projects in PNG as a reference for implementation strategies.

Key Recommendations

National Government

• Develop and implement a national WaSH MIS.
• Support capacity building for data collection and management.
• Promote financial sustainability and community ownership in WaSH programs.

Sub-National Government

• Engage with local leaders and WMCs to ensure effective community involvement.
• Encourage the use of SMS and other ICT tools for monitoring and reporting.

Service Delivery Organizations

• Strengthen WMCs through training and support.
• Promote sustainable maintenance practices and community engagement.
• Consider community-led approaches to sanitation and hygiene improvements.
• Ensure equitable access and inclusion of marginalized groups.

Conclusion

The study highlights that sustainable rural WaSH services are achievable with strong community ownership, effective WMCs, and appropriate maintenance practices. While subsidies are not the sole determinant of success, they can play a role in promoting usage. The integration of ICT, particularly SMS, offers a viable platform for monitoring, but requires investment in training and capacity development. The findings emphasize the importance of gender equity, social inclusion, and institutional collaboration in achieving long-term WaSH sustainability in PNG.