IRENA-绿色氢气促进可持续工业发展：发展中国家的政策工具包（英）-2024.1-106页_22mb

Green Hydrogen for Sustainable Industrial Development: A Policy Toolkit for Developing Countries

1. Background and Significance

• Green hydrogen (GH2) plays a crucial role in sustainable industrialization and climate change mitigation, especially for renewable-rich developing countries.
• The report reframes the narrative beyond producing for export, advocating for local value chain development and just transition to share benefits equitably.
• Challenges include high costs, technological barriers, lack of policy frameworks, and infrastructure gaps.

2. Value Chain and Strategic Opportunities

• GH2 value chain includes:
  1. Renewable energy generation & electrolysis
  2. Conversion to Power-to-X (PtX) derivatives
  3. Export/Green goods
  4. Decarbonization of domestic industries
  5. Downstream market creation
• Four strategic pillars for implementation:
  • Dual Approach: Prioritize local use before export
  • Integrated Approach: Align with broader national goals (e.g., SDGs)
  • Gradual Approach: Start with small-to-medium projects
  • Phased Approach: Sequential implementation

3. Key Policy Recommendations

a. Regulatory Framework

• Establish long-term, transparent policies (e.g., national hydrogen strategies)
• Simplify permitting processes through one-stop shops
• Introduce local content requirements (LCRs) strategically while balancing market competition

b. Market Creation

• Provide de-risking mechanisms (grants, guarantees) for early market development
• Use green public procurement to drive demand for certified green goods
• Implement quotas and targets for GH2 use in key industrial sectors

c. Infrastructure & Financing

• Co-finance hydrogen hubs/clusters to leverage economies of scale
• Promote public-private partnerships (PPPs) and blended finance models
• Develop hydrogen industrial clusters with shared infrastructure (production, transport, use)

4. International Cooperation

• Establish intergovernmental MoUs for knowledge sharing
• Collaborate on standardization and certification (e.g., GH2 derivatives trading)
• Align with global initiatives like the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to address trade barriers

5. Financial Mechanisms

• Leverage development finance institutions (DFIs) and multilateral development banks (MDBs)
• Implement just transition frameworks ensuring community benefit-sharing
• Explore innovative financing like hydrogen bonds and carbon pricing mechanisms

6. Technology and Local Manufacturing

• Balance imported technology with domestic innovation (e.g., electrolyzer components)
• Invest in R&D and education to build local hydrogen expertise
• Utilize existing local industries (e.g., fertilizer, mining) for feedstock and value addition

Conclusions

• GH2 offers transformative potential for sustainable development, job creation, and climate alignment in developing countries.
• Success hinges on:
  • Comprehensive policy frameworks
  • Strategic international partnerships
  • Just transition principles
  • Innovative financing mechanisms
• Early movers with favorable renewable endowments (e.g., Namibia, Chile) can shape global hydrogen trade dynamics.