2018年-世界发展银行全球_Infrastructure_Development_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa___A_Scorecard_47页_1mb

Summary of "Infrastructure Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scorecard"

Core Content

This policy research working paper evaluates the state of infrastructure development in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over the past few decades, focusing on four key sectors: telecommunications, electric power, transportation, and water and sanitation. It assesses infrastructure from three dimensions: quantity, quality, and access, and provides a scorecard to highlight the gaps and potential for growth and development in the region.

Main Findings

1. Large Infrastructure Gap

• Sub-Saharan Africa lags significantly behind other developing regions in all dimensions of infrastructure performance.
• The scorecard shows that the magnitude of the infrastructure gap varies by sector, dimension, and country/income group.
• Telecommunications and electricity services are particularly underdeveloped, with low levels of quantity and quality.
• Transportation and water and sanitation also face significant challenges, especially in access.

2. Potential Growth Benefits

• Closing the infrastructure gap can yield large growth benefits, especially in sectors where the gap is most pronounced.
• The growth benefits are largest in sectors where the infrastructure gap relative to global benchmarks is greatest.

3. High Financing Needs

• The infrastructure financing needs in the region are very large.
• The public sector is unable to meet these needs on its own.
• Private sector involvement may be necessary, and innovative financing mechanisms such as the Cascade approach could help crowd in private investment.

4. Need for Improved Efficiency

• The efficiency of public infrastructure spending is low.
• Enhancing public investment management systems and procurement methods could increase the output multiplier of investment spending.
• This suggests that improving the quality of public investment is as important as increasing the quantity of infrastructure.

Key Sectors and Dimensions

A. Telecommunications

• Quantity: There has been a dramatic increase in telecommunication density, especially in LICs and LMCs.
  • Median fixed and mobile phone lines per 1,000 people rose from 3 in 1990 to 736 in 2014.
  • Internet density remains low, with only 16.7 users per 100 people in 2015.
  • Fixed broadband subscriptions are also low, with a density of 0.19 subscriptions per 100 people.
• Quality: Internet speed increased from 97 bits per second in 2000 to 4,370 bits per second in 2015.
  • However, the quality of Internet services in SSA is still low compared to other regions.
• Access: Access to Internet is limited, with LICs and LMCs showing significant progress but still lagging behind UMCs.

B. Electric Power

• Quantity: Electricity-generating capacity is low, with only 0.04 MW per 1,000 people in 2012.
  • This is less than one-third of South Asia’s capacity and less than one-tenth of Latin America’s.
  • UMCs saw a significant increase, doubling their capacity from 0.33 MW to 0.72 MW per 1,000 people.
• Quality: Power transmission and distribution losses increased from 15.5% in 1990 to 16.7% in 2014.
  • The WEF quality score for power supply in SSA dropped from 3.1 to 2.9 between 2006 and 2015.
  • UMCs had the best scores, while LICs and LMCs had lower quality perceptions.
• Access: Access to electricity increased from 14% in 1990 to 35% in 2014.
  • However, urban-rural disparities remain large, with only 19% of the rural population having access in 2014.
  • UMCs have the highest access rate, with 89% of the population having electricity access.

C. Transportation

• Quantity: Road density is the lowest in SSA, and it has declined over the past 20 years.
  • In 2011, road density was 0.09 km per sq km of land area, significantly lower than other regions.
  • Railroad density is also low, with only 0.002 km per sq km in 2014.
• Quality: The quality of roads and railroads is generally poor.
  • Paved roads decreased from 17% in 1990 to 16% in 2010.
  • WEF scores for road quality improved from 2.4 to 3.3 between 2006 and 2015, but still lag behind other regions.
  • Railroad quality scores rose slightly from 1.9 to 2.2, but remain among the lowest globally.
• Access: Access to roads and railroads is uneven.
  • LICs and LMCs have low access rates, while UMCs have higher access.

D. Water and Sanitation

• Quantity: Access to improved water sources increased from 51% in 1990 to 77% in 2015.
• Quality: The quality of water and sanitation services remains a concern.
• Access: Access to safe water and sanitation facilities is still limited, especially in rural areas.

Conclusion

• The scorecard highlights that Sub-Saharan Africa faces a severe infrastructure deficit in terms of quantity, quality, and access.
• Improving infrastructure is crucial for economic growth, productivity, and poverty reduction.
• The public sector alone cannot meet the financing needs, and private sector involvement and innovative financing mechanisms are essential.
• Enhancing public investment management and procurement efficiency could significantly improve the impact of infrastructure spending.

Policy Recommendations

• Increase infrastructure investment in sectors with the largest gaps.
• Leverage private sector financing through innovative mechanisms.
• Improve the quality of public investment management and procurement systems.
• Address urban-rural disparities in infrastructure access.
• Enhance data collection and benchmarking to better assess progress and identify areas for improvement.