2016年-世界发展银行全球_Sustainable_Urban_Transport_Financing_from_the_Sidewalk_to_the_Subway___Capital_Operations_and_Maintenance_Financing_111页_2mb

报告摘要

Summary of Sustainable Urban Transport Financing from the Sidewalk to the Subway

Core Content

This World Bank study explores the financial challenges of urban transport systems in developing countries and proposes an analytical framework to support sustainable and comprehensive financing strategies. The report emphasizes the need for cities to address the "underfunding trap," where insufficient revenue and high capital and maintenance costs create a financial gap that hinders the development and operation of transport infrastructure.

The study outlines three main types of financing instruments: general benefit instruments, direct benefit instruments, and indirect benefit instruments. It also discusses public-private partnerships (PPPs) as a critical tool for financing large-scale urban transport projects. The goal is to identify the most effective financing mechanisms that can promote sustainable transport while ensuring financial viability.

Main Points

Urban Transport Financing Gap: Many cities in developing countries face a significant financing gap due to the high upfront costs of infrastructure and insufficient revenue from existing transport systems. This gap is exacerbated by implicit subsidies for private car use, which lead to congestion, pollution, and other negative externalities.
"Underfunding Trap": Cities often struggle to finance both new capital projects and the maintenance of existing infrastructure. The trap is created by the mismatch between the costs of transport systems and the revenue they generate, especially when public transport is underfunded and private vehicles receive indirect support.
"Who Benefits Pays" Framework: This principle is central to the study, suggesting that the beneficiaries of transport investments should bear the cost. The framework evaluates financing instruments based on:
- Beneficiaries (general public, direct, or indirect beneficiaries)
- Funding Periodicity (one-time, recurring, or mixed)
- Financial and Transport Sustainability (economic efficiency, social equity, environmental impact)
Wise Investments: The report promotes the concept of making investments that reduce the financial gap by increasing benefits and minimizing costs, especially over the long term.
Comprehensive Financing: A mix of complementary financing instruments, including public subsidies, property taxes, and public-private partnerships, is necessary to finance all aspects of urban transport—capital, operations, and maintenance.

Key Financing Instruments

General Benefit Instruments

Public Transport Subsidies: Can be funded by national or international institutions, especially for projects that benefit the general public.
Property Taxes: A key source of revenue for capital, operation, and maintenance costs.
National and International Loans and Grants: Provide financial support, especially for large-scale projects.
Climate-Related Instruments: Include mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Clean Technology Fund (CTF), and Global Environment Facility (GEF), which support environmentally sustainable transport.

Direct Benefit Instruments

Parking Charges
Road Pricing
Congestion Charges
Fuel Taxes/Surcharges
Vehicle Taxation
Fare Box Revenue

These instruments generate continuous revenue streams and are efficient in achieving sustainable transport goals, though they may face political and administrative challenges.

Indirect Benefit Instruments

Advertising
Employer Contributions
Value Capture Strategies:
- Land Value Taxation and Betterment Levies
- Tax Increment Financing (TIF)
- Special Assessment
- Transport Utility Fees (TUF)
- Development Impact Fees (DIF)
- Negotiated Exactions (NE)
- Joint Development (JD):
  - Air Rights
  - Land Value Capture (LVC)

Indirect benefit instruments are generally more stable and convenient for upfront capital investments, but less efficient in terms of transport sustainability.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)

PPPs are highlighted as a viable option for financing large-scale projects that benefit society.
They can be combined with grants and loans to provide a sustainable funding mix for capital-intensive projects.

Key Recommendations

Cities should adopt a comprehensive and integrated approach to transport planning and financing.
Complementary financing instruments should be used to cover all aspects of transport systems, including capital, operations, and maintenance.
Public subsidies are essential for supporting sustainable transport systems, especially in the case of public transport.
Property taxes are identified as a critical revenue source for urban transport.
Climate financing mechanisms can play an important role in funding sustainable transport projects.
Value capture strategies offer a way to finance infrastructure by leveraging the increased value of land and property resulting from transport development.

Conclusion

The report concludes that sustainable urban transport financing requires a multi-level and innovative approach, combining various revenue sources to ensure long-term financial and transport sustainability. The "from the sidewalk to the subway" concept highlights the need to finance all parts of the transport system, from local streets to metro lines, using appropriate and complementary instruments. The proposed framework provides a structured method for evaluating and designing financing strategies that align with both financial and environmental goals.

Key Figures and Tables

Figure 1.1: Illustrates the pattern of capital, operation, and maintenance expenditures for transport.
Figure 1.2: Shows the total estimated costs for medium, large, and mega cities over 20 years.
Figure 1.3: Depicts Bogota's infrastructure needs and the cost of capital and maintenance over 20 years.
Figure 1.4: Schematic representation of the underfunding trap in Bogota.
Table 1.1: City sizes and associated transport infrastructure (in km or km-lane).
Table 1.2: Main revenue sources in urban transport.