2015年-CEPS欧洲政策研究中心_Testing_Global_Sectoral_Industry_Approaches_to_Address_Climate_Change_21页_99kb

Summary of "TESTING GLOBAL SECTORAL INDUSTRY APPROACHES TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE" Interim Report

Key Messages

This Interim Report by the CEPS Task Force explores the potential of global sectoral industry approaches to address climate change. It outlines the rationale, design, and requirements for such approaches, emphasizing their role in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and supporting international climate negotiations.

Core Content

• Sectoral approaches are seen as a means to engage energy-intensive and globally competitive industries in climate action.
• These approaches aim to broaden the range of contributions to GHG reductions and address competitiveness concerns in trade-exposed sectors.
• The report discusses different models of sectoral approaches, including country-specific and industry-wide strategies, and highlights the importance of transparency, data collection, and technology diffusion.
• Governments can act as catalysts by supporting capacity-building, providing regulatory frameworks, and promoting sectoral crediting mechanisms.

Main Viewpoints

1. Sectoral approaches are particularly relevant for industries with concentrated emissions, such as aluminium, cement, steel, and float glass.
2. These approaches are viewed as complementary to national commitments and may help accelerate technology development and reduce emissions.
3. Emerging economies can be incentivized to reduce emissions beyond business-as-usual through sectoral crediting, technology cooperation, and best-practice sharing.
4. Governance is a critical challenge, requiring clear target-setting, monitoring, and reporting mechanisms, as well as international cooperation.
5. Pilot projects and regional initiatives like the Asia-Pacific Partnership (APP) are important tools for testing and refining sectoral approaches.

Key Information

• Global sectoral approaches involve sector-wide transnational initiatives, including public-private partnerships and technology-oriented strategies.
• The report highlights that successful sectoral approaches depend on meeting practical requirements, such as defining industry boundaries, protecting intellectual property, and ensuring confidentiality.
• Sectoral crediting is a key mechanism, but it faces challenges such as anti-competitive concerns, confidentiality issues, and insufficient demand.
• The EU and WBCSD have been active in promoting sectoral approaches, particularly in steel and cement, with the goal of supporting global climate policy and facilitating international negotiations.

Structure of the Report

1. Introduction

• The report is an interim analysis of the CEPS Task Force on sectoral industry approaches.
• It highlights the growing interest in sectoral approaches since 2005, driven by international agreements and sector-specific initiatives.
• The Task Force includes stakeholders from industry, associations, and NGOs, with input from EU officials and international organizations.

2. Why Sectoral Approaches?

• Sectoral approaches target high-emission industries such as aluminium, cement, steel, and energy production.
• They are necessary to address competitiveness concerns and engage emerging economies.
• China’s rapid industrial growth and non-OECD countries’ potential for energy savings underscore the importance of these approaches.

3. Typology of Sectoral Approaches

• The report outlines four main types of sectoral approaches:
  • Country focus:
    • Country-specific quantitative approach
    • Sustainable development policies and measures
  • Industry focus:
    • Transnational quantitative sectoral approaches
    • Technology-oriented approaches

4. Requirements for Sectoral Approaches to Work

• Governance:
  • Challenges include target-setting, baseline definition, monitoring, and reporting.
  • Need to balance transparency and confidentiality.
• Incentives for emerging economies:
  • Sectoral crediting can provide incentives, but must be designed carefully to avoid subsidizing competitors.
  • Graduation thresholds and sunset clauses may be necessary.
• Practicalities:
  • Must address data collection, monitoring, reporting, and verification.
  • Include best-practice identification, technology diffusion, and long-term investment planning.
• Compatibility with existing policies:
  • Sectoral approaches must support, not hinder, current climate frameworks and facilitate international negotiations.

5. Conclusion

• Sectoral approaches have potential to contribute to global climate change mitigation.
• Their success depends on governance, incentives, practicalities, and compatibility with existing policies.
• Pilot projects and regional cooperation are essential for testing and refining these approaches.
• If well-designed, sectoral approaches could become a key element of the post-2012 climate regime.

Key Sectors and Examples

• Cement: 4.6% of global GHG emissions, with 25% of global output from the 10 largest producers.
• Steel: 5.22% of global GHG emissions (direct), with 35% of global output from the 20 largest producers.
• Aluminium: 0.9% of global GHG emissions, with the 10 largest producers accounting for 54% of the world market.
• Examples of sectoral approaches:
  • Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI): A global initiative promoting emission reductions.
  • International Aluminium Institute (IAI): Aims for an 80% reduction in PFC emissions and 10% reduction in energy intensity by 2010.
  • International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI): Proposes a sector-specific framework to phase out obsolete technologies.
  • Asia-Pacific Partnership (APP): Aims to mobilize industry for low-carbon investments, with bilateral support to China.

References and Appendices

• The report includes references to key studies and initiatives, such as the OECD/IEA and WBCSD.
• Appendices provide:
  • Overview of sectoral approaches by type
  • Details on the CSI, IAI, IISI, and steel sector methodology
  • Further insights into the Asia-Pacific Partnership and sectoral crediting.

This report serves as a preliminary assessment of the viability and potential of global sectoral industry approaches in the context of climate change policy and international cooperation.