2008-12-31-世界卫生组织-2009_STEPS_Fact_sheet_Libya_2页_66kb

Libya STEPS Survey Summary (2009)

Core Content

The STEPS (Stepwise Approach to Surveillance) survey in Libya was conducted between February 2009 and November 2009, focusing on chronic disease risk factors among adults aged 25–64. The survey included three steps:

• Step 1: Collection of socio-demographic and behavioural data.
• Step 2: Physical measurements such as height, weight, and blood pressure.
• Step 3: Biochemical measurements to assess blood glucose and cholesterol levels.

A multi-stage cluster sampling method was employed to ensure representative data for the target population. A total of 3,590 adults participated in the survey.

Main Risk Factors and Findings

1. Tobacco Use

• Percentage who currently smoke tobacco:
  • Both sexes: 25.1% (23.2–27.1)
  • Males: 49.6% (46.3–52.9)
  • Females: 0.7% (0.2–1.3)
• Percentage who smoke daily:
  • Both sexes: 23.8% (21.9–25.7)
  • Males: 47.6% (44.3–50.9)
  • Females: 0.1% (0.0–0.2)
• Average age started smoking: 19.3 years (18.8–19.8)
• Percentage of daily smokers using manufactured cigarettes: 88.8% (85.7–91.9)
• Mean number of manufactured cigarettes smoked per day: 16.9 (16.0–17.8)

2. Alcohol Consumption

• Percentage of lifetime abstainers:
  • Both sexes: 92.9% (91.6–94.3)
  • Males: 86.4% (83.7–89.0)
  • Females: 99.4% (98.9–100.0)
• Percentage of past 12-month abstainers:
  • Both sexes: 4.8% (3.7–5.9)
  • Males: 9.1% (6.9–11.3)
  • Females: 0.6% (0.0–1.1)
• Percentage who currently drink (in the past 30 days):
  • Both sexes: 1.1% (0.6–1.7)
  • Males: 2.3% (1.2–3.4)
  • Females: 0.0% (0.0–0.0)
• Percentage of heavy episodic drinkers (men ≥5 drinks/day, women ≥4 drinks/day):
  • Males: 1.6% (0.6–2.6)
  • Females: 0.0% (0.0–0.0)

3. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

• Mean number of days fruit consumed per week: 2.7 (2.5–2.8)
• Mean number of servings of fruit per day: 0.6 (0.5–0.6)
• Mean number of days vegetables consumed per week: 5.2 (5.1–5.4)
• Mean number of servings of vegetables per day: 1.2 (1.1–1.2)
• Percentage who consumed less than 5 servings of fruits and/or vegetables per day:
  • Both sexes: 97.4% (96.4–98.5)
  • Males: 97.0% (95.6–98.3)
  • Females: 97.9% (96.7–99.0)

4. Physical Activity

• Percentage with low activity levels (<600 MET-minutes/week):
  • Both sexes: 43.9% (40.1–47.7)
  • Males: 36.0% (32.2–39.8)
  • Females: 51.7% (46.6–56.8)
• Percentage with high activity levels (≥3000 MET-minutes/week):
  • Both sexes: 34.0% (30.2–37.8)
  • Males: 37.3% (33.4–41.3)
  • Females: 30.7% (25.7–35.6)
• Median time spent in physical activity per day:
  • Both sexes: 45.0 minutes (4.3–152.1)
  • Males: 60.0 minutes (12.9–160.0)
  • Females: 34.3 minutes (0.0–141.4)
• Percentage not engaging in vigorous activity:
  • Both sexes: 78.4% (75.7–81.1)
  • Males: 69.3% (65.6–73.1)
  • Females: 87.4% (84.5–90.2)

Step 2: Physical Measurements

• Mean BMI: 27.7 (27.3–28.0)
• Percentage overweight (BMI ≥25):
  • Both sexes: 63.5% (61.0–66.0)
  • Males: 57.5% (54.0–60.9)
  • Females: 69.8% (66.5–73.2)
• Percentage obese (BMI ≥30):
  • Both sexes: 30.5% (28.3–32.7)
  • Males: 21.4% (19.0–23.8)
  • Females: 40.1% (37.0–43.3)
• Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP):
  • Both sexes: 132.9 mmHg (131.9–133.9)
  • Males: 136.3 mmHg (135.1–137.5)
  • Females: 129.5 mmHg (128.2–130.9)
• Mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP):
  • Both sexes: 79.3 mmHg (78.7–79.9)
  • Males: 80.2 mmHg (79.4–81.0)
  • Females: 78.4 mmHg (77.6–79.1)
• Percentage with raised BP (SBP ≥140 or DBP ≥90 or on medication):
  • Both sexes: 40.6% (37.5–43.8)
  • Males: 45.8% (42.0–49.6)
  • Females: 35.6% (31.8–39.3)
• Percentage of raised BP individuals not on medication:
  • Both sexes: 59.7% (54.9–64.4)
  • Males: 68.4% (63.4–73.4)
  • Females: 48.5% (42.5–54.4)

Step 3: Biochemical Measurements

• Mean fasting blood glucose (mg/dl):
  • Both sexes: 83.5 (78.3–88.7)
  • Males: 86.3 (80.6–92.1)
  • Females: 80.6 (75.0–86.2)
• Percentage with impaired fasting glycaemia:
  • Both sexes: 7.3% (5.7–8.8)
  • Males: 7.5% (5.3–9.8)
  • Females: 7.0% (4.8–9.2)
• Percentage with raised fasting blood glucose or on medication:
  • Both sexes: 16.4% (14.0–18.7)
  • Males: 17.6% (14.5–20.7)
  • Females: 15.1% (12.3–17.8)
• Mean total blood cholesterol (mg/dl):
  • Both sexes: 174.4 (172.4–176.3)
  • Males: 173.8 (171.4–176.3)
  • Females: 174.9 (172.3–177.5)
• Percentage with raised total cholesterol (≥190 mg/dl or on medication):
  • Both sexes: 20.9% (18.8–23.0)
  • Males: 19.0% (16.3–21.8)
  • Females: 22.7% (19.8–25.7)

Summary of Combined Risk Factors

The survey identified the following key risk factors:

• Current daily smoking
• Overweight (BMI ≥25)
• Less than 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day
• Raised blood pressure (SBP ≥140 or DBP ≥90 or on medication)
• Low level of physical activity (<600 MET-minutes/week)

Key Statistics:

• Percentage with none of the risk factors:
  • Both sexes: 0.2% (0.0–0.5)
  • Males: 0.4% (0.0–0.9)
  • Females: 0.1% (0.0–0.2)
• Percentage with three or more risk factors:
  • Aged 25–44: 51.2% (47.8–54.7)
  • Aged 45–64: 78.0% (74.3–81.8)
  • Overall (25–64): 57.4% (54.3–60.4)

Key Takeaways

• Tobacco use is prevalent among males, with nearly half of them being current smokers.
• Females have very low rates of alcohol consumption, with almost all being lifetime abstainers.
• Low fruit and vegetable consumption is widespread across all groups.
• Overweight and obesity are significant issues, particularly among females.
• High rates of low physical activity and raised blood pressure are observed, with more pronounced effects in males.
• Combining multiple risk factors is common, especially among older adults (45–64 years).
• Public health interventions should focus on reducing tobacco use, improving dietary habits, increasing physical activity, and managing blood pressure and cholesterol levels.