【IRENA】马拉维农业分散的可再生能源-2025_36页_8mb

Malawi's agricultural sector faces significant energy challenges, especially in rural areas, where limited access to reliable electricity hinders productivity and economic development. The government has prioritized renewable energy through initiatives like the National Energy Policy and the Rural Electrification Programme, aiming to diversify energy sources and promote rural electrification. This report by IRENA evaluates the integration of decentralized renewable energy (DRE) across key agricultural value chains, including olericulture, dairy, rice, legumes, and aquaculture, to enhance sustainability, reduce post-harvest losses, and improve farmers’ incomes.

Key findings reveal that 52% of dairy farmers lack electricity access, with 44% relying on the national grid. This results in over 41% of milk spoiling before reaching markets. Similarly, high electricity costs in rice farming (e.g., USD 576 monthly) and inefficient irrigation (e.g., Lifuwu Scheme only using 18% of its capacity) exacerbate production losses. Farmers are willing to adopt DRE solutions if economic benefits are clear, but high upfront costs and low returns (e.g., IRR of 4% for legumes, 2% for dairy) remain barriers. Policy interventions, such as tax exemptions, are recommended to lower costs and improve investment viability.

The study maps DRE technologies for each value chain, highlighting critical stages like production, processing, and storage. For example, solar water pumps and cold storage systems in horticulture can reduce spoilage by over 30%, while solar-powered processing units in aquaculture improve fish quality and sustainability. Market potential is estimated at USD 183.85 million, with scenarios ranging from Low to High Penetration, indicating varying adoption rates and financial returns. It emphasizes the need for flexible financing, such as pay-as-you-go models, to increase accessibility.

Recommendations include government tax incentives, establishing green finance facilities, and scaling co-operative initiatives to share DRE solutions. Development partners should support pilot projects and align with national policies, while financial institutions are urged to create tailored loan products. Technology providers need to focus on local solutions and expand service centers. Agricultural co-operatives are highlighted as key actors in accessing and maintaining DRE systems.

IRENA stresses that DRE adoption requires coordinated efforts across stakeholders to address financial, technical, and infrastructural barriers. The focus on climate resilience, women and youth empowerment, and market linkages aims to align with Malawi's Vision 2063 for sustainable development. The report underscores the transformative potential of DRE in enhancing productivity, reducing fossil fuel reliance, and fostering a resilient agri-food system.