2007年-世界发展银行全球_Tanzania_-_Pilot_Rural_Investment_Climate_Assessment___Stimulating_Non-Farm_Microenterprise_Growth_100页_8mb

Tanzania Pilot Rural Investment Climate Assessment Summary

Core Content

This document presents the Tanzania Pilot Rural Investment Climate Assessment (RICA), which aims to evaluate the economic environment for non-farm microenterprises in rural areas. Conducted by the World Bank in collaboration with the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in 2005, the assessment covers all seven geographical zones of Tanzania, analyzing enterprises, households, and communities.

Main Objectives

1. To better understand the rural non-farm economy in Tanzania.
2. To shed light on rural enterprise dynamics and business constraints.
3. To reflect on areas where government policies can be directed to promote rural non-farm enterprise activity.

Key Findings

Non-farm Enterprise Characteristics

• Scope and Importance: Approximately 1.4 million rural households derive income from non-farm activities, up from 1.2 million in 2001.
• Enterprise Density: Highest in the Lake region and Central Tanzania.
• Sector Distribution:
  • Trading (57%)
  • Services (21%)
  • Production (19%)
  • Two or more sectors (3%)
• Formal Registration: Only 19% of enterprises are formally registered.
• Labor Productivity:
  • Median value-added per worker: US$83.
  • Formal vs. Informal: Formal enterprises have a median value-added per worker of US$149, significantly higher than informal ones.
• Labor Force:
  • Family labor: 83% of enterprises rely on family members.
  • Hired labor: 1%.
  • Mixed labor: 15%.
  • Average family workers: 1.6.
  • Average hired workers: 0.6.
  • Total workers: 2.2.
• Entrepreneur Demographics:
  • Male-dominated: Most enterprises are owned by males.
  • Education: Majority have primary education (7-8 years).
  • Work experience: Average of 4.9 years.

Rural Enterprise Dynamics

• New Firm Creation: Lower than in other African countries, possibly due to investment climate constraints or weaker rural enterprise culture.
• Start-up Capital: 77% comes from agricultural earnings.
• Employment Growth:
  • High performers: About one-third of established rural enterprises (operating 5+ years) show high employment growth.
  • Annual growth rate: 4.5% for high performers.
  • Employment growth: Regionally defined, with Tabora showing the strongest growth.
• Seasonality: Over 75% of enterprises are affected by seasonality, which limits growth.

Investment Climate Constraints

• Main Constraints:
  • Access to finance is the most commonly cited constraint.
  • Road infrastructure and public utilities are also major issues.
  • Regulatory barriers are estimated to cost about one-third of annual gross sales.
• Regional Variations:
  • Tabora scores relatively well in access to finance, transport, and governance.
  • Lake region, Northern Highlands, and Southern zones perceive financing constraints as particularly severe.
  • Western zone has significant issues with public utilities and transport infrastructure.
• Objective Analysis:
  • Econometric analysis shows road infrastructure and rural finance have the strongest impact on enterprise employment growth.
  • Cell phone communication ranks third in reducing transaction costs.
  • Agricultural demand-side factors rank fourth.
  • Electricity reliability can significantly stimulate growth for those who use it.

Key Recommendations

1. Agricultural Dependence:

   • Most rural non-farm enterprises are highly dependent on agricultural performance.
   • Favorable policies and investments in agriculture are crucial for the non-farm sector.
   • Implementation of the Agricultural Sector Development Program is a priority.

2. Trade Policies:

   • Trading enterprises make up 60% of rural non-farm enterprises.
   • Maintaining favorable internal trade policies is essential.
   • Revisiting local and national trade policies and ensuring continued enforcement of recent changes.

3. Infrastructure Development:

   • Road infrastructure is a major constraint.
   • Priority should be given to maintenance and rehabilitation of the existing road network.
   • Regional differences in infrastructure impact should be considered in resource allocation.

4. Rural Finance:

   • Access to rural finance is a major supply-side constraint.
   • Microcredit can be a tool to promote non-farm activities.
   • Credit guarantee schemes and linkages between commercial banks, SACCOs, and MFIs should be strengthened.

5. Telecommunications:

   • Cell phone communication reduces transaction costs.
   • Encouraging private sector participation in telecommunications.
   • Adopting the new Electronic Communications Bill and licensing framework.
   • Reviewing policies and regulations to foster competition and reduce costs.

6. Business Registration:

   • Formal registration is costly and not widely adopted.
   • Continuation of business registration reforms and effective local implementation are high priorities.
   • Transaction costs and taxes for formal enterprises remain very high.

Future Analysis

The report suggests that future analysis should focus on:

1. Role of Larger Firms: Assess the role of larger firms and their economic linkages, especially in small rural market towns.
2. Entry and Mobility Barriers: Identify barriers to high-return niches within the non-farm economy.
3. Cost-effective Interventions: Analyze a few specific subsectors and supply chains with growth potential.

Conclusion

The RICA highlights the importance of rural non-farm enterprises in Tanzania's economy and the need for policy interventions to improve the investment climate. The findings emphasize the interconnectedness of agriculture, trade, infrastructure, and finance in shaping the rural enterprise landscape. A multi-faceted approach is required to address constraints and stimulate growth in this vital sector.