2005年-世界发展银行全球_The_Effectiveness_of_World_Bank_Support_for_Community-Based_and_-Driven_Development_222页_3mb

Summary of The Effectiveness of World Bank Support for Community-Based and -Driven Development

Core Content

This report, conducted by the World Bank's Operations Evaluation Department (OED), evaluates the effectiveness of the Bank's support for Community-Based Development (CBD) and Community-Driven Development (CDD) projects. These projects aim to involve local communities in their own development, either through collaboration and consultation (CBD) or by giving them control over resources and decisions (CDD). The report provides an overview of the outcomes, sustainability, and institutional impacts of these projects, along with recommendations for improving their effectiveness.

Main Goals and Objectives

• To assess the effectiveness of the World Bank's lending support for CBD/CDD projects.
• To evaluate how well these projects meet their intended goals, including poverty reduction, community capacity enhancement, and sustainability.
• To provide recommendations for improving the design, implementation, and evaluation of future CBD/CDD projects.

Key Findings

Outcome of CBD/CDD Projects

• Outcome ratings for CBD/CDD projects have generally been better than those for non-CBD/CDD projects.
• CBD/CDD projects have shown greater success in achieving quantitative goals, such as infrastructure development, compared to qualitative goals like capacity enhancement.
• The poorest communities may not always benefit from CBD/CDD projects, even though they are often targeted.
• The one-year subproject cycle is often too short to achieve sustainable community capacity enhancement.

Sustainability

• Sustainability ratings have improved over time, but there is still room for enhancement.
• The lack of consistent long-term support from the Bank and local governments has hindered the sustainability of CBD/CDD projects.
• Infrastructure and services built through CBD/CDD projects are difficult to maintain without adequate resources from both government and communities.

Institutional Impact

• CBD/CDD projects have enhanced government capacity to implement participatory interventions.
• However, few governments have adopted the approach more broadly in their development programs.
• The Bank's efforts to promote decentralization have not always been consistent across countries, and ad hoc arrangements have sometimes hindered local government capacity development.

Operational Policy and Implementation

• The Bank has adapted its policies to support CBD/CDD projects, but more changes are needed.
• Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems are inadequate for assessing the impact of CBD/CDD on community capacity.
• Fiduciary and safeguard compliance remain a challenge, especially in CDD projects.
• The short subproject cycle limits the Bank's ability to provide the sustained support needed for long-term community development.

Main Recommendations

1. Prioritize existing local initiatives when designing new CBD/CDD projects. If starting a new program, tailor it to the country and community context and conduct selective, rigorous impact assessments before scaling up.
2. Strengthen operational guidance for the application of safeguard policies and fiduciary oversight. The Bank should commission an audit of a representative sample of CDD projects to be submitted to the Board within a year.
3. Integrate CBD/CDD projects with a country's assistance strategy. Future Country Assistance Strategies (CASs) should show how they address linkages between CBD/CDD and non-CBD/CDD projects, and whether CBD/CDD implementation arrangements hinder local government capacity development.

Key Information

• CBD/CDD Portfolio Growth: The share of CBD/CDD components in the Bank's portfolio increased from about 2% in 1989 to 25% in 2003.
• Project Distribution: CBD/CDD projects are more common in Africa, and have been implemented in various sectors such as education, transport, and social protection.
• Community Responsibility: Communities have more responsibility in CDD projects than in CBD projects.
• Cost Burden: CBD/CDD projects are more expensive to prepare and supervise. Communities bear a significant share of the cost burden for service delivery infrastructure.
• Poverty Targeting: While poverty targeting is a key component of CBD/CDD projects, it is not sufficient to ensure that the poorest benefit.

Conclusion

The World Bank has made progress in supporting CBD/CDD projects, particularly in terms of outcome ratings and institutional development. However, there are still significant challenges in sustainability, fiduciary compliance, and systematic evaluation. The Bank needs to adopt a more cautious and integrated approach to CBD/CDD projects, especially in poor and conflict-affected areas, to ensure that they contribute meaningfully to poverty reduction and community empowerment.