世界各国温室气体排放报告2023（英）-欧盟-2023-268页_3mb

Summary of GHG Emissions of All World Countries

Core Content

This report, published by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC), provides a comprehensive overview of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 1970 to 2022, with a focus on the most recent years. It uses the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) version 8.0 datasets to offer an independent and quantifiable view of GHG emissions, supporting the European Union's climate policy and the global efforts under the Paris Agreement.

Main Findings

• Global GHG Emissions in 2022:
  Global GHG emissions reached 53.8 Gt CO₂eq in 2022, the highest level since 1990, with an increase of 1.4% compared to 2021. This reflects a post-COVID rebound, as emissions rose by 6.2% compared to 2020 and 2.3% compared to 2019.

• Sectoral Contributions:

  • Fossil CO₂ emissions accounted for 71.6% of total global emissions in 2022.
  • CH₄ (methane) contributed 21%, N₂O (nitrous oxide) 4.8%, and F-gases 2.6%.
  • Fossil CO₂ emissions increased by over 70% since 1990, while CH₄ and N₂O emissions rose by 32.4% and 36.5%, respectively. F-gases increased by four-fold.

• Top Emitters in 2022:
  The six largest GHG emitters were China, the United States, India, the EU27, Russia, and Brazil. Together, they accounted for 61.6% of global GHG emissions.

  • China had the largest increase in emissions (285% since 1990).
  • India also saw a significant rise (170% since 1990).
  • EU27 reduced emissions by 27.0% compared to 1990, showing GHG emission decoupling from economic growth.
  • Russia reduced emissions by 15.5% since 1990, while United States decreased by only 2.4%.
  • Indonesia experienced the largest increase in emissions in 2022 (10%) compared to 2021.

• Emission Trends by Sector:

  • Transport emissions dropped by 14.1% in 2020 but increased by 4.7% in 2022.
  • Building emissions saw a marginal decrease of 0.4% in 2022 compared to 2021, with a 4.6% increase in 2021.
  • Per capita emissions increased by 0.4% in 2022 to 6.76 t CO₂eq/cap, still 0.8% lower than in 2019.

• LULUCF and Wildfires:

  • The LULUCF sector (land use, land-use change, and forestry) acted as a net sink for CO₂ emissions since 2000, excluding wildfire contributions. In 2022, it was a net sink of about 0.18 Gt CO₂eq, equivalent to 0.33% of global emissions.
  • Global deforestation was responsible for about 4.0 Gt CO₂ emissions in 2022, equivalent to 10.4% of total anthropogenic CO₂ emissions.
  • In the EU27, LULUCF emissions were a net sink of 0.21 Gt CO₂eq in 2022, which is approximately 40% less than in 1990.

Key Points

• The EDGAR database is a critical tool for providing consistent and transparent GHG emission estimates across countries, complementing national inventories.
• The report highlights the importance of bottom-up inventories in tracking progress towards climate goals under the Paris Agreement.
• International aviation and shipping emissions increased in 2022, with aviation rising by 23.3% and shipping by 5.7%. Aviation emissions dropped by nearly half in 2020 but partially rebounded in 2021.
• EDGAR data are used in various international initiatives, including the IPCC and UNEP, to support climate policy and research.

Methodology and Data Sources

• EDGAR uses IEA-EDGAR CO₂, EDGAR CH₄, EDGAR N₂O, and EDGAR F-gases datasets.
• It applies a bottom-up methodology, as outlined in Annex 1, and integrates LULUCF and wildfire data from updated databases and the Global Wildfire Information System (GWIS).
• The data reliability is ensured through transparent and scientifically robust methods, aligned with IPCC guidelines and recent scientific literature.

Policy Relevance

• The report supports the European Green Deal and European Climate Law, which aim for a 55% reduction in EU GHG emissions by 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050.
• It contributes to the UNFCCC Global Stocktakes starting in 2023, providing a consistent and comparable dataset for all countries.
• The EDGAR framework is also used in the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) and UNCE initiatives, enhancing the understanding of air pollution and its impacts.

Future Work

• EDGAR plans to expand its historical and current emission data with projections under different climate scenarios.
• It will develop high spatial resolution emissions to support subnational climate policies.
• The EDGAR-FOOD project will further enable a shift from a sector-based approach to a system perspective in emissions analysis.

Conclusion

This report provides a detailed and up-to-date analysis of global GHG emissions, emphasizing the importance of transparent and consistent data in guiding climate policy. It underscores the varying trends among top emitting countries, the role of LULUCF and wildfires in the carbon balance, and the need for improved global emission tracking and reporting mechanisms.