2023-04-24-欧洲性别平等研究所-2022年欧洲性别平等指数_126页_3mb

Summary of the Gender Equality Index 2022

Core Content

The Gender Equality Index 2022 provides an overview of gender equality across the EU, highlighting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on various domains, including work, money, knowledge, time, power, health, and violence. The report emphasizes the persistence of gender inequalities and the uneven progress made in different areas.

Main Points

Overall Gender Equality Index

• The EU's Gender Equality Index score is 68.6 out of 100, representing a minimal advancement.
• The domain of power is the main driver of progress, but it still has the lowest score at 57.2 points.
• Without progress in the domain of power, the overall index would have declined due to the pandemic's impact.

Impact of the Pandemic

• The pandemic has reversed some gender equality gains made since 2010, particularly in employment, education, health, and care responsibilities.
• Gender inequalities in employment have grown, with women facing a larger gap in full-time equivalent (FTE) employment rates and working life duration.
• Educational inequalities have also worsened, with the pandemic exacerbating the divide between students from different socioeconomic backgrounds.
• Health disparities have increased, especially in access to services, while mental health issues have risen among young people and women.

Key Domains and Their Status

Domain of Work

• Score: 71.7 points
• Gender segregation in the workforce continues to be a major issue, with women concentrated in service and social interaction-heavy sectors.
• Women are more likely to be in essential sectors like education and healthcare, which may have helped them retain jobs during the pandemic.
• The employment gap is most pronounced among couples with children, single women and men, and women born abroad.

Domain of Money

• Score: 82.6 points
• Gender pay gap remains significant, especially for older women and highly educated women.
• The pandemic has increased economic vulnerability, particularly for women with low education levels.
• More women are leaving the workforce, and they are less likely to receive income support.

Domain of Knowledge

• Score: 62.5 points
• Educational segregation persists, with women dominating fields like education, health, and welfare, and humanities and the arts.
• Digital skills gaps are most pronounced among older women and those with low education levels.
• The pandemic has worsened educational inequalities, with young people neither in education nor employment increasing, especially among adolescent boys.

Domain of Time

• Score: 64.9 points
• Unpaid care work has increased significantly, with women bearing the brunt.
• Housework disparities remain, with women still primarily responsible for domestic tasks.
• Childcare responsibilities have intensified, with women spending more time on childcare than men, especially for young children.

Domain of Power

• Score: 57.2 points
• Women's representation in politics is still low, with only 33% of national parliament members being women.
• Political quotas have helped increase women's participation, but more action is needed.
• Women were underrepresented in decision-making on COVID-19 responses, with only 25% of health ministers and less than 40% of scientific advisory committee members being women.

Domain of Health

• Score: 88.7 points
• The health domain shows the highest score and a slight improvement from 2021.
• Gender inequalities in health access have grown, but the gap in health status remains relatively small.
• Mental health issues have increased, especially among young people, with a rise in suicide attempts among adolescents.

Domain of Violence

• Gender-based violence (GBV) data remains limited and inconsistent across the EU.
• Women with disabilities are 1.5 times more likely to experience psychological violence in intimate relationships.
• The pandemic has intensified GBV, particularly digital forms like online harassment and image-based sexual abuse.
• Young women are more exposed to cyberbullying and psychological violence.

Thematic Focus: Care Responsibilities During the Pandemic

Childcare

• Women spend more time on childcare, especially for young children.
• 18% of women and 17% of men increased their childcare hours during the pandemic.
• Only 1 in 4 parents of young children who reduced their paid work reported a significant increase in childcare time.
• Women are more likely to share childcare equally with their partners, but men rely more on external support.

Long-term Care (LTC)

• One in three EU adults is an informal carer, with women being the primary caregivers.
• Care demands have intensified, with women spending more time on informal LTC.
• Men are more likely to use formal care services, and women face more barriers in accessing external support.
• Intensive care loads negatively impact individual well-being.

Household Work

• Housework has increased during the pandemic, with women still bearing the majority of tasks.
• Men are more likely to engage in social activities and less in housework.
• Only a small percentage of couples share household tasks equally, with women being more involved in daily chores.

Flexible Working Arrangements

• Women face more interruptions during telework, especially from childcare and housework.
• Men use flexitime more to manage care responsibilities.

Key Information

• The report is authored by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), with contributions from the Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale (IRS) in Italy and other experts.
• LGBTQI* is used as the most inclusive term for non-binary and non-heterosexual identities.
• The report includes a comprehensive list of figures and tables to illustrate the data and trends.
• Gender equality remains a challenge, with the most significant disparities in the domain of power and domain of time.

Conclusion

The Gender Equality Index 2022 reveals that while some progress has been made in certain areas, the pandemic has exacerbated existing inequalities. The domain of power has shown the most progress, but gender gaps in decision-making still persist. The domain of time and care responsibilities remain heavily skewed in favor of women, and economic and health inequalities have worsened. The report calls for greater policy action to address these disparities and promote more inclusive and equitable practices.