2025-01-01-世界卫生组织-Environmental_Health_Zambia_2024_country_profile_3页_177kb

Summary for Viet Nam Health and Environment Scorecard

Viet Nam's health and environment performance is assessed across various domains, highlighting both strengths and significant gaps. Key areas include air pollution, climate change, water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH), biodiversity, chemicals, radiation, international health regulations (IHR), and occupational health. Many indicators show insufficient data, limiting comprehensive evaluation, while some aspects demonstrate progress through policies and commitments.

• Air Pollution: High PM2.5 levels (21 μg/m³) exceed WHO guidelines, contributing to health impacts like stroke and heart disease. About 42% of the population lacks safe drinking water and sanitation, and while Viet Nam has standards for clean fuels, data on implementation is insufficient. Mortality rates from air pollution are significant but partly addressed by existing guidelines.

• Climate Change: Viet Nam has shown commitment with net-zero health goals and climate resilience plans. However, a high emissions scenario could increase "warm spell" days substantially by 2050. Described as sustainable and low carbon, but vulnerable to climate impacts, with insufficient data supporting national assessments and adaptation plans.

• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH): A large portion of the population (56%) lacks safe sanitation, and urban and rural inequalities persist. WASH implementation is partially funded but insufficient data exists on policies and technology compliance. Key targets under Goal SDG 6 are not fully met.

• Biodiversity: Efforts include terrestrial and marine protected areas, with forest area increasing by 56% since 1990 (+52,670 km²). Vietnam submitted a post-COP15 biodiversity strategy, but only 3% of global land/water is protected, falling short of the 2030 target to conserve 30%. Ratification of conventions like CDM is pending.

• Chemicals and Radiation: Viet Nam is a party to the Minamata Convention for mercury control. Air quality standards for chemical events show some compliance, but IHR capacity is weak, with insufficient or zero data on radiation emergencies, lead exposure, and other hazards. Poison center existence is noted, but overall monitoring is inadequate.

• Occupational Health: Work-related risks lead to 24 deaths per 100,000 working-age people in informal employment, compared to regional averages. Vietnam ranks 18th out of 21 countries in ratifying labor conventions. Limited data on occupational safety policies and health services hinder full assessment.

• Health Care Facilities: Infrastructure issues persist, with 49% lacking basic sewage and hygiene services. Electricity supply and waste management are unaddressed, and climate resilience assessments are insufficiently documented.

Overall, Viet Nam demonstrates progress in policy commitments and some environmental domains, but substantial challenges remain in data collection, implementation, and health impacts. Insufficient data across most areas underscores the need for improved monitoring, national assessments, and targeted interventions to meet global health and environmental standards.