亚开行-2021年亚洲中小企业监测：第二卷亚洲小企业如何在2019冠状病毒疾病流行一年后存活下来：调查证据（英）-2022.4-64页_1mb

报告摘要

Summary of ASIA SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISE MONITOR 2021, Volume II

Core Content

The Asia Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Monitor 2021, Volume II examines how small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in Asia and the Pacific survived the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The report focuses on four countries: Indonesia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), the Philippines, and Thailand, and highlights the impact of the pandemic on MSMEs, their adaptation strategies, and the policy responses that supported them.

Main Findings

1. Impact of the Pandemic on MSMEs

Business Environment: The business environment for MSMEs improved somewhat in 2021, with many businesses reopening. However, domestic demand for products and services had not fully recovered by March–April 2021.
Revenue Impact: MSMEs were split into two groups: those hit hardest by the pandemic and social restrictions, and a smaller group that benefited. Essential goods and services businesses (e.g., food, healthcare) fared better, while nonessential goods and services (e.g., tourism) suffered.
Employment Trends: MSME employment improved in 2021, with fewer layoffs and wage cuts. Flexible working arrangements such as remote work and reduced hours increased.
Financial Conditions: Financial conditions improved for many MSMEs, with more reporting sufficient short-term cash or funds. However, reliance on informal financing and own funds remained high. Government financial assistance improved access to bank credit.

2. Thematic Impacts

Tourism-Related MSMEs: Suffered significantly due to lockdowns and mobility restrictions. Despite government support like travel incentives, many reported large revenue losses. Recovery is expected as containment improves.
Digitally Operated MSMEs: Experienced a shift towards e-commerce and digital operations. However, not all were successful; some faced challenges due to weak business models, limited demand for nonessential goods, and poor cost management.
Women-Led MSMEs: Showed mixed performance. Those that were more successful were often digitally operated. They need targeted support to enhance resilience.
Internationalized MSMEs: Faced severe supply chain disruptions and contract cancellations due to global lockdowns. They require policies that help them navigate global supply chain issues.

3. Policy Implications

MSME Perceptions: MSMEs generally reported improved business environments and financial conditions, but still faced challenges.
Desired Policy Measures: MSMEs requested further government support in accessing finance, subsidies, and tax relief. They also needed better information about assistance programs.
Post-Pandemic Strategies: The report suggests a two-stage approach to MSME policy development: (i) policies based on living with the pandemic and (ii) post-pandemic policies if the virus becomes endemic. It recommends:
- Providing timely information on government support programs.
- Implementing focus group assistance with proportionate measures.
- Adopting a phased approach with defined budget allocations.
- Promoting digital transformation and technology use.
- Offering business development services, skills training, and incubators.
- Diversifying financing options and using more private sector resources.

Key Information

MSMEs in the Region: Comprise over 90% of businesses in most Asian countries.
Pandemic Impact: The first year of the pandemic saw a significant split in MSME performance, with some thriving and others struggling.
Government Support: Countries implemented various financial and nonfinancial support measures, including:
- Financial Assistance: Debt finance, tax relief, subsidies, and credit guarantee programs.
- Nonfinancial Assistance: Wage subsidies, cash assistance, and business development services.
Support Amounts (as of 2021):
- Indonesia: $115.3 billion (11.4% of 2020 GDP)
- Lao PDR: $41.6 million (0.2% of 2020 GDP)
- Philippines: $30.7 billion (8.7% of 2020 GDP)
- Thailand: $105.8 billion (21.6% of 2020 GDP)
GDP Recovery in Developing Asia:
- 2020: -0.8%
- 2021: +6.9%
- 2022 Forecast: +5.2%
Country-Specific Responses:
- Indonesia: Implemented PSBB and PPKM, launched economic stimulus packages, and introduced credit guarantee programs.
- Lao PDR: Imposed lockdowns and introduced tax exemptions and subsidies for MSMEs.
- Philippines: Enacted the Bayanihan Acts, provided tax relief, and introduced wage and cash subsidies.
- Thailand: Declared a state of emergency, introduced liquidity support, and launched credit guarantee facilities.

Conclusion

The study emphasizes the importance of tailored and adaptive policies for MSMEs to ensure a sustainable and resilient recovery from the pandemic. It highlights the need for digital transformation, smart cost management, and improved access to finance. The report also underscores the importance of post-pandemic policies that focus on growth and innovation, not just survival. By understanding MSME conditions during the pandemic, governments can better design support mechanisms that align with national budget capabilities and long-term economic goals.

Methodology

Surveys were conducted in Indonesia, Lao PDR, Philippines, and Thailand in March–April 2020, August–September 2020, and March–April 2021.
Online surveys were used due to the urgency of the situation.
The data was collected through survey partner networks that monitor MSMEs across the region.
The report provides a comparative analysis of MSME conditions and policy responses across the four countries.

Notes

The report includes appendices with comparative data on ADB surveys and national statistics.
The study acknowledges the limitations of nonstandard sampling procedures and the importance of analyzing changes within the same group of MSMEs over time.
The foreword highlights the role of MSMEs in driving economic recovery and resilience.