《土壤微生物群系：改变食品和农业的游戏规则》-32页_7mb

The Soil Microbiome: A Game Changer for Food and Agriculture – Executive Summary
Review of the Impacts of Crop Production on the Soil Microbiome: Innovations and Policy Recommendations to Address Environmental Degradation, Climate Change and Human Health

1. Context

• Soil Microbiome Importance: A critical but underexplored component of sustainable food systems. Though invisible, soil microbes drive essential ecosystem services, including nutrient cycling, climate regulation, and soil health maintenance.
• Bioeconomy Framework: Microbiome science is emerging as a key pillar of the sustainable bioeconomy, offering solutions for climate change mitigation and environmental restoration.

2. Key Findings

• Impacts of Agricultural Practices:

  • Practices like tillage, fertilization, and irrigation alter microbial communities, affecting soil functions (e.g., carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions).
  • Diversification (crop rotations, cover crops, agroecosystem diversity) supports healthier microbiomes.
  • Emerging concerns: Microplastics and pesticides pose risks to microbial biodiversity and soil resistome (antibiotic resistance genes).

• Interconnections:

  • Soil microbiomes influence biogeochemical cycles, impacting climate change (e.g., through methane and nitrous oxide emissions).
  • Theoretical links to human health exist, but causal relationships require further validation.

3. Priority Knowledge Gaps

• Microbial diversity and functional mechanisms remain largely unexplored (less than 1% studied).

• Limited understanding of interactions between microbes, plants, and protists; role of bacteriophages in antibiotic resistance.

• Effects of micro- and nanoplastics on soil ecosystems.

• Opportunities:

  • Microbiome-based innovations (biofertilizers, bioremediation) hold promise for sustainable agriculture and climate adaptation.
  • Public-private collaborations can accelerate research and development.

4. Policy Recommendations

1. Public Support:

   • Prioritize research on healthy microbiome definition and causal relationships.
   • Foster interdisciplinary collaborations and soil microbiome literacy.

2. Education and Communication:

   • Train workforce and citizens to bridge knowledge gaps.
   • Promote microbial awareness to gain public acceptance.

3. Commercialization:

   • Support affordable and logistically competitive biological alternatives to agrochemicals.
   • Develop market-based mechanisms for microbial-based products.

4. Regulations:

   • Establish robust frameworks for evaluating environmental claims.
   • Harmonize international standards for microbial research and application.

5. A Timely Endorsement

• Soil microbiomes are pivotal for achieving sustainable development goals and climate resilience.
• FAO’s role as an intermediary between science, innovation, and policies is crucial for unlocking microbiome potential.
• Systemic and cross-sectoral approaches are needed to address complex challenges, framed within One Health and bioeconomy concepts.