2014年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Kyrgyz_Republic_Country_Profile_2013_15页_1mb

报告摘要

Kyrgyz Republic Country Profile 2013 Summary

Core Content

The Kyrgyz Republic Country Profile 2013, produced by the World Bank Group, presents an overview of the business environment and firm performance based on data from the Enterprise Surveys. These surveys are conducted by the World Bank and its partners, covering small, medium, and large firms in the non-agricultural formal private economy. The findings are benchmarked against the Eastern Europe & Central Asia region and the Low Income income group.

The report includes several key sections: Introduction, Business Environment Obstacles, Average Firm, Infrastructure, Trade, Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing, Corruption, Crime and Informality, and Finance. It also provides Innovation and Workforce indicators, along with a Summary of Enterprise Survey Indicators table.

Main Points

Business Environment Obstacles

A poor business environment can hinder firm productivity and growth.
The report highlights the main obstacles firms face, including corruption, regulatory inefficiencies, taxation, and informal practices.
Firms in Kyrgyz Republic report higher levels of perceived corruption compared to the regional average.
Corruption is evident in the need for informal payments to secure permits and licenses.

Average Firm

The report provides an overview of the typical firm in Kyrgyz Republic, including its age, ownership structure, and gender representation.
The average firm has been in operation for around 12.6 years.
Female participation in top management and ownership is relatively high compared to the regional average.
Ownership structure is predominantly closed shareholding companies, with a small percentage of open shareholding and sole proprietorships.

Infrastructure

Electricity and water supply are critical for firm operations.
Power outages and water shortages are common and lead to losses in sales.
Delays in obtaining electrical and water connections are significant and affect firm productivity.
Telephone connections are not widely reported due to data limitations.

Trade

Trade activity is moderate, with about 18.5% of firms engaging in exports.
Foreign inputs are used by a majority of firms (69.2%).
Customs clearance times for both imports and exports are relatively high, increasing costs and reducing efficiency.
Export losses due to theft and breakage are minimal but still a concern.

Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

Business licensing is a major hurdle, with significant delays in obtaining permits.
Time spent by senior management dealing with government regulations is relatively high.
Tax inspections and meetings with tax officials are frequent and affect firm operations.
Legal forms of firms are mostly closed shareholding, with few open shareholding companies.

Corruption

The Graft Index indicates that a significant proportion of firms (53.5%) are expected to pay bribes or informal payments.
Gift-giving is common in interactions with tax inspectors and government contracts.
Construction permits and import licenses are particularly associated with informal payments.

Crime and Informality

Perception of fairness in the court system is low (8.8%).
Security costs are a notable burden on firms (2.1% of sales).
Losses due to crime such as theft and vandalism are relatively low but still present.
Informality is low, with most firms (96.5%) being formally registered.

Finance

Internal finance is the dominant source of investment (80.0%).
Bank finance is used by a minority of firms (8.6%).
Working capital is often sourced externally, with an average of 17.5%.
Collateral requirements are high, with an average of 187% of the loan amount needed.
A high percentage of firms (94.7%) have checking or savings accounts.

Key Indicators Summary

Indicator	Kyrgyz Republic	Small Firms (1-19 Employees)	Medium Firms (20-99 Employees)	Large Firms (100+ Employees)	Eastern Europe & Central Asia
Corruption Indicators
Incidence of Graft Index	53.5	45.4	62.3	42.6	45.6
% of Firms Expected to Give Gifts In Meetings With Tax Inspectors	54.9	58.9	52.4	1.6	53.0
% of Firms Expected to Give Gifts to Secure a Government Contract	56.1	77.7	48.4	31.4	36.7
% of Firms Expected to Give Gifts to Get a Construction Permit	42.8	52.0	43.8	30.8	37.9
% of Firms Expected to Give Gifts to Get an Import License	65.4	50.1	81.8	42.7	56.4
% of Firms Expected to Give Gifts to Get an Operating License	59.6	53.2	65.0	57.9	57.9
Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing
Days to Obtain Import License	9.0	5.7	10.3	10.3	15.4
Days to Obtain Construction-related Permit	73.4	47.9	93.7	54.2	83.2
Days to Obtain Operating License	31.0	23.0	30.8	42.6	24.0
Senior Management Time Spent in Dealing with Government Regulation (%)	12.0	12.4	12.4	9.7	11.0
Average Number of Visits or Required Meetings with Tax Officials	1.9	2.0	2.0	1.6	1.4
Open Shareholding Company (%)	15.0	7.9	18.8	20.7	4.7
Closed Shareholding Company (%)	83.8	90.3	80.1	79.3	72.8
Sole Proprietorship (%)	1.2	1.8	1.1	0.0	14.3
Infrastructure Indicators
Number of Power Outages in a Typical Month	0.9	0.8	1.0	0.8	1.4
Value Lost Due to Power Outages (% of Sales)	2.3	2.1	2.8	1.3	0.9
Number of Water Shortages in a Typical Month	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.0	0.3
Average Duration of the Water Shortage (hours)	1.0	2.0	0.7	0.0	0.6
Delay in Obtaining an Electrical Connection	57.1	4.5	87.3	33.0	43.8
Delay in Obtaining a Water Connection	21.9	14.8	8.9	32.2	33.2
Delay in Obtaining a Mainline Telephone Connection	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	27.6
Trade Indicators
% of Exporter Firms	18.5	13.5	18.3	30.2	22.8
% of Firms that Use Material Inputs and/or Supplies of Foreign origin	69.2	72.6	66.5	68.7	64.8
Average Time to Clear Direct Exports Through Customs	7.2	1.0	10.6	5.4	4.4
Average Time to Clear Imports from Customs (days)	12.0	16.4	7.1	18.3	6.1
Losses during Direct Export Due to Theft (%)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2
Losses during Direct Export Due to Breakage or Spoilage (%)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8
Crime and Informality Indicators
% of Firms Believing the Court System is Fair, Impartial and Uncorrupted	8.8	3.3	11.3	14.6	38.1
Security Costs (% of Sales)	2.1	1.6	2.2	2.9	1.3
Losses Due to Theft, Robbery, Vandalism, and Arson Against the Firm (% of Sales)	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.1	0.4
% of Firms Formally Registered when Started Operations in the Country	96.5	95.4	98.3	94.4	98.4
Innovation and Workforce Indicators
% of Firms With Internationally Recognized Quality Certification	28.3	18.6	28.9	47.3	22.6
% of Firms with Annual Financial Statement Reviewed by External Auditor	31.4	21.8	35.8	40.7	34.9
% of Firms using their own Website	57.2	54.0	54.5	71.7	59.8
% of Firms Using Email to Communicate with Clients/suppliers	85.9	82.9	83.9	98.2	85.8
Average Number of Temporary Workers	17.2	2.2	15.0	57.6	3.0
Average Number of Permanent, Full Time Workers	47.3	11.6	35.6	165.3	29.6
% of Full Time Female Workers	45.7	52.1	41.2	43.2	39.5

Conclusion

The report highlights that the Kyrgyz Republic faces significant challenges in its business environment, particularly in areas of corruption, regulatory inefficiencies, and infrastructure shortcomings. These factors contribute to high operational costs, reduced productivity, and limited growth potential. However, the country also shows relatively high levels of formal registration and moderate use of modern technologies. Improving the business environment through reforms and better governance is essential to enhance firm performance and support sustainable development.