2015年-世界发展银行全球_Mongolia_National_Low_Emission_Stove_Strategy___Completing_the_Transition_to_a_Sustainable_Market_for_Cleaner_Stoves_77页_869kb

Summary of the Mongolia National Low Emission Stove Strategy

Core Content

The Mongolia National Low Emission Stove Strategy outlines a comprehensive approach to transitioning from traditional, polluting stoves to cleaner, more efficient alternatives across the country, with a focus on Ulaanbaatar and other urban centers. The strategy is supported by the Australian Government through the World Bank and aims to create a sustainable market for low-emission stoves, which are essential for improving air quality and public health in Mongolia.

The report highlights the unique challenges of Mongolia’s stove market, including harsh winters, poor insulation of homes, and reliance on low-quality coal and wood for heating and cooking. These conditions contribute to severe winter air pollution in Ulaanbaatar, with PM2.5 levels exceeding WHO standards. The initiative has seen initial success, with a significant number of low-emission stoves installed, but the market remains fragile and at risk of reversal without long-term structural changes.

Main Points

1. Current Situation and Objectives

• Objective: Establish a sustainable market for low-emission stoves in Mongolia.
• Short-term measure: Low-emission stoves are seen as a key tool to reduce air pollution, especially in Ulaanbaatar.
• Economic benefits: A 50% emission reduction from low-emission stoves could yield $28–52 million annually, while an 80% reduction could generate $52–96 million.
• Market penetration: Over 135,000 low-emission stoves were sold and installed in Ulaanbaatar by early 2014, indicating strong initial adoption.

2. Challenges

• Market expansion: Demand is shifting toward higher energy-consuming models, such as small water heating boilers.
• Local production: No qualified local stove models are currently produced at scale, leading to high reliance on imports.
• High costs: Imported stoves are unaffordable without subsidies, which are a major driver of market distortion.
• Transaction costs: Outside Ulaanbaatar, high transaction costs make clean stove production an unlikely business model.
• Post-warranty maintenance: After warranty periods, there is a risk of declining technical capacity for maintenance.
• User behavior: Consumers find it difficult to change traditional habits, leading to improper use and higher emissions.
• Regulatory gaps: Lack of enforcement of standards and policy coordination between stove and fuel programs.
• Market linkage: Stove markets inside and outside Ulaanbaatar are interconnected, posing a risk of traditional stove re-entry if subsidies are abruptly stopped.

3. Key Recommendations

• Expand the stove switching program to all urban areas, with a focus on Ulaanbaatar as a market innovation hub.
• Modify eligibility criteria to include all urban users of traditional heating stoves.
• Simplify and phase out the consumer subsidy mechanism over three years.
• Maintain but simplify the quality assurance mechanism, transitioning to a formal licensing system for suppliers.
• Strengthen coordination between central and local government agencies to ensure policy coherence.
• Develop and enforce standards for heating appliances, including small water heating boilers.
• Support local stove producers to promote innovation and reduce dependency on imports.
• Improve awareness campaigns and community engagement to address user behavior and reinforce government policies.
• Establish a monitoring and evaluation system to track progress and manage risks effectively.

Key Information

4. Implementation Roadmap

The report proposes a 10-step roadmap for transforming the stove market, including:

• Establishing institutional arrangements.
• Setting up new Product Centers (PCs) in Ulaanbaatar.
• Developing standards for heating appliances.
• Assisting local stove producers.
• Setting up supply chains outside Ulaanbaatar.
• Establishing a quality control system.
• Expanding awareness campaigns.
• Adjusting and phasing out the subsidy mechanism.
• Enforcing emission performance standards.
• Monitoring and evaluating results and managing risks.

5. Institutional Roles

6. Fiscal and Regulatory Measures

• Fiscal incentives: Include subsidies, tax breaks, and micro-credit financing to support low-emission stove adoption.
• Regulatory support: Enforce emission standards, ban traditional stoves, and improve policy coherence.
• Quality assurance: Implement a third-party verification system and transition to a sampling-based inspection.

7. Market Segments and Opportunities

• Urban areas: Focus on Ulaanbaatar and its ger areas.
• Rural areas: Include soum and aimag centers.
• Market segments: Include traditional stoves, low-emission stoves, and small water heating boilers.

Conclusion

The Mongolia National Low Emission Stove Strategy is a critical step toward long-term air quality improvement and sustainable energy access. It emphasizes the need for policy coherence, market expansion, and local innovation to create a self-sustaining market for low-emission stoves. The strategy is dynamic and will require monitoring and adjustment to ensure its effectiveness in the face of evolving market conditions and challenges.