2014年-世界发展银行全球_Mongolia_National_Low_Eemission_Stove_Strategy_Report___Completing_the_Transition_to_a_Sustainable_Market_for_Cleaner_Stoves_in_Mongolia_78页_1mb

Mongolia - National Low Emission Stove Strategy Summary

Core Content

This report outlines a National Low Emission Stove Strategy for Mongolia, aiming to establish a sustainable market for cleaner stoves in the country. The initiative is supported by the Australian Government through the World Bank, and it focuses on Ulaanbaatar as the key urban center for implementation, with plans to expand to other areas.

Mongolia faces severe winter air pollution, largely due to coal and wood burning for heating and cooking, which contributes to about 60% of PM2.5 concentrations in Ulaanbaatar. The low-emission stove (low-e) switching program has already seen significant success, with 135,193 stoves purchased and 131,206 installed by January 2014. However, the sustainability of the market remains a challenge due to high transaction costs, lack of local production, consumer habits, and policy coordination.

The strategy emphasizes scaling up the program, modifying eligibility criteria, simplifying subsidy mechanisms, and establishing quality assurance systems. It also proposes fiscal and regulatory policies to support innovation, private sector participation, and community engagement.

Main Points and Recommendations

1. Program Expansion

• Expand the stove switching program nationally, with a strong focus on Ulaanbaatar as the foundation for innovation and private sector supply.
• Address black market issues by ensuring affordable access to low-e stoves in all urban areas.

2. Eligibility Criteria

• Modify eligibility criteria to include all registered urban users of traditional heating stoves.
• Encourage voluntary replacement of traditional stoves with low-e models over 3-4 years.

3. Subsidy Mechanism

• Maintain but simplify the consumer subsidy mechanism by setting a single fixed level or fixed percentage of the retail price for any eligible stove model.
• Phase out subsidies over three years to promote market sustainability.

4. Quality Assurance and Standards

• Simplify quality assurance mechanisms and transition to a formal licensing system for suppliers.
• Develop and enforce emission performance standards for all heating appliances.
• Strengthen the standardization system through collaboration with the Mongolian Agency for Standardization and Metrology (MASM).

5. Support for Local Production

• Assist local stove producers to develop affordable, low-emission models.
• Encourage micro-credit financing for larger household payments.

6. Awareness and Community Engagement

• Intensify awareness campaigns and community engagement to promote proper stove usage.
• Use public health messaging to highlight the health risks of traditional stoves and the benefits of low-e models.

7. Policy Coordination

• Strengthen coordination between central and local government agencies.
• Ensure policy coherence and evidence-based interventions through a National Coordination Committee on Air Pollution Reduction (NCAPR).

8. Financing and Implementation

• Prepare and implement a comprehensive financing plan involving central and local government and private sector.
• Monitor and evaluate the program regularly to adjust strategies as needed.

Key Challenges

• High demand for higher energy-consuming stoves, such as small water heating boilers (SWHB).
• Lack of local production of low-e stoves, leading to high import costs.
• Consumer resistance to change due to traditional habits and low cost expectations.
• Insufficient enforcement of standards and policy coordination.
• Risk of re-sale of low-e stoves to areas outside Ulaanbaatar, which may undermine market sustainability.

Economic Benefits

• A 50% reduction in emissions from ger area stoves could yield US$28-52 million in economic benefits annually.
• An 80% reduction could bring US$52-96 million in benefits.
• Even a 30% reduction could generate US$15-29 million in benefits annually.
• These benefits justify the US$30 million investment made so far in stove switching programs.

Roadmap for Implementation

The report proposes 10 steps to complete the transition to a cleaner stove market:

1. Establish institutional arrangements for program implementation.
2. Maintain and set up new product centers (PCs) in Ulaanbaatar.
3. Develop standards for heating appliances.
4. Assist local stove producers to promote innovation.
5. Set up supply chains for low-e stoves outside Ulaanbaatar, starting with Aimags with winter air quality issues.
6. Establish a quality control system.
7. Expand and coordinate awareness campaigns.
8. Adjust the subsidy mechanism and phase it out over three years.
9. Enforce emission performance standards.
10. Monitor and evaluate results, identifying and managing risks.

Conclusion

The Mongolian Government and Ulaanbaatar Municipality have identified low-e stoves as a short-term solution to reduce air pollution. To ensure long-term sustainability, the strategy proposes a national market approach with coordinated policies, improved quality assurance, support for local production, and simplified subsidy mechanisms. The success of the program depends on continuous monitoring, strong policy coordination, and community engagement.

The strategy is dynamic and may be adjusted based on ongoing evaluation and changing conditions. It builds on the success of Ulaanbaatar's program and the contributions of various stakeholders, including government agencies, international organizations, and local communities.