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Bali Climate Conference and Its Main Outcomes

Core Content

The Bali Climate Conference, held in December 2007, was a significant milestone in global climate negotiations. It marked the 13th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and resulted in the adoption of the Bali Action Plan, a roadmap for negotiating a new global climate agreement by 2009. The conference aimed to address the limitations of the Kyoto Protocol and set a new direction for international climate action, involving all UNFCCC parties, including developed and developing nations.

Main Outcomes

1. Mitigation

• The Bali Action Plan emphasized the need for "deep cuts" in greenhouse gas emissions, aiming for a 25–40% reduction by 2020 compared to 1990 levels.
• This target is not numerically specified but is derived from the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report, which suggests that this range would help avoid extensive and irreversible climate changes.
• Developed countries are expected to continue their mitigation commitments, while developing countries were called upon to take nationally appropriate mitigation actions, supported by technology, financing, and capacity-building.
• The language of the Plan moved away from the previous Annex I/non-Annex I distinction, promoting a more inclusive approach for future agreements.

2. Adaptation

• The conference recognized the urgent need for enhanced adaptation actions, especially for developing countries.
• Key elements of the adaptation agenda include:
  • Financial and capacity development support for integrating adaptation into national and sectoral planning.
  • Risk management and reduction strategies, including insurance mechanisms.
  • Linking disaster risk reduction with adaptation efforts.
  • Encouraging partnerships among public, private, civil society, and multilateral organizations.

3. Technology Development and Transfer

• Technology transfer was identified as a critical component for both mitigation and adaptation.
• The Plan called for enhanced action on technology development and transfer, including mechanisms to remove barriers to technology scaling.
• Emphasis was placed on making environmentally friendly technologies affordable and accessible to developing countries.

4. Financial Resources and Investment

• The Bali Action Plan highlighted the importance of financial support for climate action.
• It included the provision of new and additional resources, including official and concessional funding.
• A financial mechanism was established to ensure adequate, predictable, and sustainable financial resources for mitigation and adaptation.

Other Major Decisions

• REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) was introduced as a potential mechanism for a post-2012 regime. It aims to reduce emissions from deforestation, which accounts for about 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
• The Adaptation Fund was launched, with an initial value of US$30 million and projected to grow to US$180–300 million by 2012.
• The fund is financed by a 2% levy on CDM projects and will be managed by a Board under the guidance of the UNFCCC Parties, with developing countries representing a clear majority.

The Road Ahead

• The Bali Action Plan set a general direction for future climate talks, leading up to the Copenhagen Climate Conference in 2009.
• It provided a framework for an ambitious and necessary target of 25–40% emissions reductions by 2020 for developed countries.
• The conference underscored the importance of public opinion, media, and domestic politics in shaping the outcome of future negotiations.

Key Implications

• The Bali Action Plan represented a shift from the Kyoto Protocol's differentiated approach to a more inclusive and cooperative framework.
• It laid the groundwork for a new global climate agreement that would involve all countries, including the United States and developing nations.
• The plan also introduced new mechanisms for adaptation, technology transfer, and financial support, which are essential for addressing the complex and global nature of climate change.