2012年-世界发展银行全球_A_Policy_Framework_for_Green_Transportation_in_Georgia___Achieving_Reforms_and_Building_Infrastructure_for_Sustainability_96页_2mb

Summary of the Policy Framework for Green Transportation in Georgia

Core Content

This report outlines a comprehensive policy framework for promoting green transportation in Georgia, emphasizing the integration of environmental concerns into transport planning, the development of cleaner vehicle fleets, and the promotion of low-emission transport modes. The objective is to reduce the total cost of transportation while minimizing environmental and health impacts, and to enhance Georgia's position as a regional trade hub and tourism destination.

Main Viewpoints

• Green transportation is defined as reducing fossil fuel use, increasing reliance on indigenous energy sources (especially hydropower), and minimizing environmental impacts through reduced emissions.
• Economic and environmental rationale for green transportation includes reducing energy import dependency, mitigating air pollution, and improving transport efficiency and affordability.
• Government involvement is essential due to the current lack of market mechanisms to address negative externalities such as emissions and congestion.
• Policy objectives are structured around six main areas: integrating environmental concerns, achieving a greener vehicle fleet, promoting low-emission freight transport, supporting intercity passenger transport, transforming minibuses and taxis, and fostering sustainable urban transport.

Key Information

1. Environmental and Economic Rationale

• Air pollution: Road transport is the main source of air pollution, emitting CO, VOC, NOx, SO2, and CO2.
• Energy dependency: Georgia relies heavily on imported petroleum fuels, which contributes to the current account deficit and foreign currency shortages.
• Hydropower potential: Georgia has abundant hydropower resources, which could be leveraged to reduce fossil fuel dependence.

2. Policy Goals and Principles

• Goal: Reduce the total cost of transportation while maintaining social welfare benefits.
• Principle: Influence and improve consumer choices to favor greener transport modes and reduce environmental impact.

3. Policy Instruments

• Institutions and Planning: Integrate transport policy with environmental monitoring and develop a coherent national transport strategy.
• Regulations and Enforcement: Strengthen enforcement mechanisms, expand vehicle inspections, and introduce emission standards.
• Fiscal Policy and Pricing: Implement differentiated fuel taxes, maintain high fuel prices relative to income, and introduce road user charges.
• Investments: Allocate funds for infrastructure development, green transport projects, and technological innovations.

4. Policy Objectives and Actions

5. Expected Benefits

• Environmental benefits: Significant reductions in CO2 emissions (2,797 to 5,338 million tons) and local pollutants (CO, VOC, NOx).
• Economic benefits: Fuel cost savings of 9 billion GEL over 15 years, reduced fuel imports, and lower transport costs for consumers.
• Social benefits: Improved air quality, reduced traffic congestion, and lower healthcare costs.

6. Scenarios and Impacts

• Business-as-Usual (BAU): Continued high fuel consumption and emissions.
• Green Transportation (Moderate and Aggressive): Reduced vehicle-kilometers-traveled, fuel consumption, and emissions, with increased use of electricity for transport.

7. Implementation Strategy

• Public outreach: Highlight the service-fee nature of pricing measures to gain public acceptance.
• Phased approach: Start with low-risk measures such as fuel quality inspection and gradually expand to include all commercial operators.

Summary and Roadmap of Priority Actions

Short-Term (2012–2014)

• Strengthen institutions and policies at national and municipal levels.
• Integrate environmental objectives into transport policy.
• Reintroduce fuel quality inspection and revise fuel taxes based on quality.
• Expand vehicle inspection to all commercial operators.

Medium-Term (2015–2020)

• Implement competitive tendering for intercity routes and public transport.
• Develop green transit corridors and improve intermodal connectivity.
• Introduce road user charges and parking restrictions in urban centers.
• Promote the use of electric vehicles and intelligent transportation systems.

Long-Term (After 2020)

• Continue investment in multi-modal transport infrastructure.
• Develop a national urban transport policy and technical standards.
• Encourage technological innovations and sustainable transport practices.
• Ensure continuous monitoring and evaluation of policy impacts.

Conclusion

The proposed green transportation policy framework aims to align Georgia's transport system with environmental sustainability and economic development goals. It emphasizes the importance of government intervention in shaping a cleaner, more efficient, and economically viable transport sector. Through a combination of institutional reforms, regulatory enhancements, fiscal measures, and strategic investments, Georgia can reduce its environmental footprint and enhance its competitiveness as a regional trade and tourism hub.