2024-12-08-世界银行-亚美尼亚雨水管理部门评估和改革计划_埃里温城市废物管理分析报告（英）_35页_1mb

Summary of Armenia SWM Sector Assessment and Reform Plan (Yerevan)

Core Content

This report presents a comprehensive analysis of Yerevan's municipal solid waste (MSW) management system, including current operations, costs, and future scenarios for improvement. It outlines the need for reform based on policy, institutional, and economic considerations, and provides recommendations for sustainable waste management.

Main Points

1. Waste Generation and Composition

• Current Waste Generation: In 2024, Yerevan generates over 350,000 tons of municipal waste annually.
• Projected Growth: By 2043, waste generation is expected to increase by more than 18%, reaching approximately 420,000 tons per year.
• Waste Composition: Organic waste constitutes the largest fraction at 57%, followed by recyclables at 25%, with the remaining 18% being non-recyclable waste.
• Source Separation: Yerevan has initiated a source separation program, with 135 collection points established in 2020, projected to increase to 300 by 2024.

2. Current Waste Management Operations

• Waste Collection: Coverage is 100%, with 42 trucks and 10,500 containers of 1.1 m³ capacity in use.
• Collection Costs: In 2022, the cost was approximately 27 USD/ton (10,900 AMD/ton).
• Disposal: The current landfill is outdated, environmentally harmful, and uncontrolled. A new sanitary landfill is expected to be established.
• Recycling and Source Separation: The current system recovers only 35% of operating costs from recyclables. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is expected to play a key role in covering these costs in the future.

3. Current Costs and Financing

• Waste Fees: Current fees are low and hinder service development. They have not kept pace with rising costs due to salary and fuel increases.
• Revenue Structure: In 2023, waste fees accounted for 3.5% of administrative budget revenue, totaling 3,937.5 million AMD.
• Cost Recovery: There is significant cross-subsidization, with the community covering most of the costs. Full cost recovery is not yet in place.
• Affordability: The current tariff is not affordable, and a 400 AMD/person/month fee is suggested for short-term implementation under the polluter pays principle.

4. Improved Waste Operations and Scenarios

Three scenarios for improved waste management are analyzed:

• Scenario 1: Establishment of a sanitary landfill.
• Scenario 2: Source separation of dry recyclables in a 3-container system, with sorting at a material recovery facility (MRF).
• Scenario 3: Establishment of a mechanical biological treatment (MBT) plant for residual waste, along with source separation and sorting.

Cost Implications

• Scenario 1 and 2: These are within the affordable service cost threshold (70.7 USD/ton).
• Scenario 3: The most expensive, but still within the threshold. It would result in a 64% waste recovery rate, with only 36% of waste landfilled.

5. Recommendations

• Short-term: Establish a sanitary landfill and expand the source separation system. This would reduce landfill quantities, create jobs, and improve environmental conditions.
• Medium-term: Implement an integrated waste management system, including a large-scale treatment facility and MBT plant. This would require an increase in waste fees to 610 AMD/person/month.
• Institutional Reform: Improve budgeting and revise waste fees to reflect full cost recovery. This includes depreciation costs of equipment, which are currently not included in the fee structure.
• EPR Implementation: Introduce Extended Producer Responsibility to cover recycling costs, reducing the burden on the community.

Key Information

• Funding: The project is supported by the City Climate Finance Gap Fund, with contributions from Germany and Luxembourg.

• Legal and Policy Context: The CEPA and EU Directive 1999/31/EC provide a framework for full cost recognition and environmental standards.

• Institutional Structure:

  • Nature Protection Department: Responsible for environmental planning and coordination.
  • Communal Services Department: Manages waste collection and oversight of operators.
  • YWCSC (Yerevan Waste Collection and Sanitary Cleaning): Communal enterprise handling waste collection.
  • GEP (Greening and Environmental Protection): Handles source separation, composting, and recycling.

• Economic Context:

  • Yerevan is the largest economic center in Armenia, contributing 57% of national GDP in 2021.
  • Average monthly per capita income in Yerevan was 95,939 AMD in 2021, significantly higher than the national average.
  • The city's unemployment rate is higher than the national average but is showing a declining trend.

• Affordability Considerations:

  • Current tariffs are below the threshold of affordability, and the proposed 400 AMD/person/month fee is considered affordable.
  • The integration of EPR and the establishment of a full-cost recovery mechanism would be necessary for the long-term sustainability of the system.

Conclusion

The report concludes that Yerevan's waste management system requires urgent reform to ensure sustainability, environmental protection, and cost recovery. Establishing a sanitary landfill and expanding source separation are the most immediate steps. A medium-term integrated system, including MBT, would significantly improve waste recovery rates and extend the life of landfills. Institutional and financial reforms, including full cost recognition and EPR, are essential for long-term success.