世界发展银行-LSMS+-Program-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa---Findings-from-Individual-Level-Data-Collection-on-Labor-and-Asset-Ownership_79页_3mb

LSMS+ Program in Sub-Saharan Africa: Summary

Core Content

The LSMS+ (Living Standards Measurement Study-Plus) program, initiated by the World Bank in 2016, aims to enhance the availability and quality of individual-level survey data in low- and middle-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This program supports the collection of data on labor and asset ownership, focusing on gender-disaggregated insights to better understand economic opportunities and constraints for men and women.

The LSMS+ program is part of the broader LSMS (Living Standards Measurement Study) initiative, which has provided technical assistance to national statistical offices (NSOs) for over four decades. The LSMS+ builds on this legacy by implementing individual-level interviews in private, emphasizing self-reporting, and integrating modules on asset ownership, labor, education, health, and non-market activities.

The program has supported three major surveys in SSA:

• Malawi Integrated Household Panel Survey (IHPS) 2016
• Tanzania National Panel Survey (NPS5) 2019-20
• Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS4) 2018-19

These surveys are conducted in nationally representative samples and are aligned with the World Bank's Household Survey Strategy, Gender Strategy, and IDA18 goals.

Main Findings

Labor Outcomes

• Gender gaps in labor market outcomes are more accurately captured when multiple individuals within a household report their own experiences, as opposed to relying on proxy respondents.
• Self-reported labor data from LSMS+ supported surveys show that women spend more time on non-market activities such as water and fuel collection than in other national surveys.
• Participation in labor varies across different types of activities (wage, self-employment, non-market), with women often underrepresented in certain areas.
• The LSMS+ approach leads to higher reporting rates for employment in comparison to other national surveys, especially for women and for longer recall periods (e.g., 12 months).

Asset Ownership and Rights

• Individual-level interviews are critical for capturing accurate data on asset ownership and rights, as they reveal intra-household dynamics.
• Land ownership is often exclusive, but economic decision-making over land sales tends to be joint or distributed among household members.
• Gender disparities are evident in land ownership and rights:
  • In Tanzania, women are significantly less likely to exclusively own dwelling land than men.
  • In Malawi and Ethiopia, while more women own land, they are less likely to have rights to sell or bequeath it.
• Livestock ownership in Ethiopia shows a gender gap, with women owning less large livestock than men, especially in rural areas.
• Mobile phone and financial account ownership are predominantly exclusive, with men more likely to own these assets than women, and urban areas showing higher ownership rates than rural ones.
• Intra-household agreement on asset ownership and rights is substantial, indicating the importance of individual interviews in capturing accurate and detailed information.

Key Information

• Survey Implementation:

  • Malawi IHPS 2016: 2,508 households, fieldwork April 2016–January 2017.
  • Tanzania NPS5 2019–20: 1,184 households, fieldwork January 2019–January 2020.
  • Ethiopia ESS4 2018–19: 6,770 households, fieldwork September 2018–August 2019.

• Interview Rates:

  • Non-dwelling land:
    • Ethiopia: 94.7%
    • Tanzania: 78.5%
    • Malawi: 82.9%
  • Dwelling land:
    • Ethiopia: 97.0%
    • Tanzania: 80.3%
    • Malawi: 83.3%
  • Mobile phone ownership:
    • Ethiopia: 95.8%
    • Tanzania: 80.2%
    • Malawi: 82.4%
  • Financial account ownership:
    • Ethiopia: 96.9%
    • Tanzania: Not fully reported due to data limitations.
    • Malawi: 82.4%

• Gender Differences:

  • Women are less likely to be interviewed in some modules, especially in Tanzania and Malawi.
  • Women report higher time use in non-market activities.
  • Land rights and financial and mobile phone ownership show significant gender gaps, with men more likely to hold these rights and assets.

• Methodological Approach:

  • Private, one-on-one interviews with adult household members (18+).
  • Self-reporting is emphasized.
  • Gender-matching between interviewers and respondents is encouraged.
  • Additional modules are included in the surveys to cover labor, education, health, and non-market activities.

Conclusion

The LSMS+ program provides a more accurate and detailed understanding of gender-based economic opportunities and constraints in SSA. By collecting individual-level data, it helps in better policy design and implementation, particularly in areas such as land reform, financial inclusion, and gender equality. The findings highlight the importance of self-reporting, private interviews, and methodological innovation in capturing intra-household dynamics.