世界发展银行-LSMS+-Program-in-Cambodia---Findings-from-Individual-Level-Data-Collection-on-Labor-and-Asset-Ownership_71页_4mb

LSMS+ Program in Cambodia: Summary

Core Content

The LSMS+ (Living Standards Measurement Study-Plus) program in Cambodia is part of the World Bank's initiative to improve the availability and quality of individual-level data on labor and asset ownership. This program is designed to capture intra-household dynamics in labor and economic decision-making, which is crucial for understanding and addressing gender inequalities in economic opportunities and welfare.

Main Objectives

• To collect sex-disaggregated data on labor, asset ownership, and time use.
• To support national statistical offices (NSOs) in implementing modern survey methodologies.
• To provide insights for policy design, particularly for improving economic mobility for women.

Key Findings

Labor Outcomes

• Most working men and women in Cambodia are concentrated in wage employment and agriculture, with men more likely to participate in wage work.
• Employment to population ratio for men aged 15 and above was 88%, compared to 76% for women.
• Women’s total work burdens (paid and unpaid) are higher than men’s, with women in agriculture and those not working spending 4-5 hours per day on unpaid work, while men spend 1-2 hours.
• Unpaid work remains significant even for economically active women, averaging 2-3 hours per day in urban and rural areas.
• Commuting time is notable in wage and non-farm employment for both genders.

Asset Ownership and Rights

• Land ownership and rights are highly prevalent, with a large proportion of land being jointly owned due to civil law designating marital assets as shared.
• Women not household heads have significantly higher joint ownership of land than men.
• Land ownership rights decline for women with older age, as joint ownership becomes less common.
• Rural women are more likely to own large livestock, while urban men have a slightly higher share of large livestock ownership.
• Ownership of consumer durables (e.g., computers, vehicles) is substantially higher among men. However, rural women have higher ownership of lower-cost vehicles like bicycles.
• Mobile phone ownership is very high, with 75-90% for rural women and men, and 85-95% for urban counterparts.
• Financial account ownership is much lower, especially in rural areas (less than 10%), compared to urban areas (21% for women, 30% for men).

Gender Disparities

• Self-reporting rates are high: 90% of men and 95% of women reported their own labor and asset information.
• Women are less likely to be counted as employed in agriculture due to a narrowed definition of employment (work for pay or profit).
• Women are more likely to be in vulnerable occupations, such as own-account work and contributing family work, according to ILO classifications.
• Time use data reveal that women spend more time on unpaid work and less on rest and leisure.

Implementation Overview

• The LSMS+ fieldwork in Cambodia was conducted by 21 field teams, each with one male and one female enumerator.
• Individual interviews were conducted on household members aged 18 and above, or the household head and spouse.
• Response rates were high, with 91-94% of eligible individuals completing the assets modules, and 86-95% for other modules.
• Household-level response rates were 87%, with most households having all eligible adults interviewed.

Survey Scope and Modules

• LSMS+ modules covered:
  • Labor (paid and unpaid work)
  • Time use (24-hour time diary)
  • Asset ownership (land, livestock, consumer durables, mobile phones, financial accounts)
  • Education and health (integrated into individual-level questionnaires)

Importance of LSMS+ for Policy and Research

• The LSMS+ approach allows for better understanding of intra-household decision-making and economic roles of men and women.
• It provides critical data for targeting gender disparities in economic opportunities, especially in land and asset ownership.
• The data are relevant for national statistical offices (NSOs), researchers, and policymakers working on gender equality and economic development.

Conclusion

The Cambodia LSMS+ Survey contributes to the World Bank’s global efforts to improve individual-level data collection, with a focus on labor and asset ownership. The findings highlight significant gender differences in economic participation, work burdens, and asset ownership, underscoring the importance of sex-disaggregated data in policy design and research. The program also emphasizes methodological improvements, including self-reporting, gender-matching interviewers, and private interviews to minimize bias.