国际能源署：2022年二氧化碳排放报告_19页_658kb

报告摘要

Summary of CO2 Emissions in 2022

Core Content

In 2022, global energy-related CO₂ emissions increased by 0.9% or 321 Mt, reaching a new all-time high of 36.8 Gt. This growth was slower than the 6% rebound in 2021, following the exceptional oscillations caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The report highlights the role of clean energy technologies in curbing emissions, despite the global energy crisis, and introduces the Global Energy Transitions Stocktake as a new IEA initiative.

Key Findings

Global Emissions Overview

Total energy-related CO₂ emissions: 36.8 Gt, up by 0.9%.
CO₂ from energy combustion: Up by 1.3% or 423 Mt.
CO₂ from industrial processes: Down by 102 Mt.
CO₂ growth below GDP growth: 3.2% GDP growth vs. 0.9% CO₂ growth, indicating a decoupling trend.
CO₂ intensity of energy use: Slightly slower than the past decade's average.

Regional Trends

Asia (excluding China): Largest regional increase in emissions, 4.2% or 206 MtCO₂.
Europe: Reduced emissions by 2.5% or 70 Mt, despite energy disruptions and nuclear plant closures.
United States: Emissions increased by 0.8% or 36 Mt, mainly due to natural gas consumption.
China: Emissions were relatively flat, decreasing by 0.2% or 23 Mt, driven by Covid-19 measures and real estate slump.

Fuel-Specific Emissions

Natural gas emissions: Down by 1.6% or 118 Mt, with Europe seeing the largest drop (-13.5%).
Coal emissions: Up by 1.6% or 243 Mt, reaching a new high of 15.5 Gt, driven by gas-to-coal switching in several regions.
Oil emissions: Up by 2.5% or 268 Mt, with aviation contributing around half of the increase.

Sectoral Emissions

Electricity and heat generation: Largest sectoral increase, up by 1.8% or 261 Mt.
Transport sector: Increased by 2.1% or 137 Mt, with aviation being a major contributor.
Industry sector: Global emissions declined by 1.7% or 161 Mt, with China playing a significant role.
Buildings sector: Emissions fell in Europe due to mild weather and energy conservation.

Clean Energy Impact

Renewables met 90% of the global increase in electricity demand, with solar PV and wind each adding around 275 TWh.
Clean energy technologies helped prevent an additional 550 Mt in CO₂ emissions.
Electric vehicles accounted for over 14% of global car sales, reducing emissions by 13 Mt compared to diesel/gasoline cars.

Extreme Weather and Energy Demand

Extreme temperatures contributed to 60 MtCO₂ increase, mainly from cooling and heating.
Cooling degree days and heating degree days were higher than usual in several regions.

Emissions Intensity and Decoupling

CO₂ intensity of electricity generation declined by 2.0%, continuing a nine-year trend.
Energy intensity of GDP is 3.5% below 2019 levels, showing more sustainable recovery than previous crises.

Major Viewpoints

The global energy crisis led to gas-to-coal switching, increasing coal emissions.
Clean energy deployment played a crucial role in limiting emissions growth.
China was a key driver in global industry emissions decline.
Europe made significant progress in renewable energy adoption, with wind and solar power overtaking gas and nuclear in electricity generation.
The US saw increased natural gas consumption, offsetting coal reductions.
The recovery from the pandemic has been more sustainable than past crises, as seen in emissions intensity trends.

Key Information

IEA member countries: Include Australia, Canada, Japan, the US, and EU nations.
IEA association countries: Include China, India, Brazil, and others.
Total energy-related greenhouse gas emissions: Reached 41.3 GtCO₂-eq, with CO₂ emissions accounting for 89%.
Methane emissions: Rose to nearly 135 Mt or 4 GtCO₂-eq, driven by oil, gas, and coal operations.
The report is the first in the Global Energy Transitions Stocktake series, supporting the COP28 Climate Change Conference.

Conclusion

Despite the challenges posed by the global energy crisis, Covid-19 disruptions, and weather extremes, CO₂ emissions in 2022 were well below GDP growth, showing a decoupling trend. Clean energy technologies and demand-side management played a pivotal role in limiting emissions growth, particularly in Europe and China, while coal and natural gas remained key contributors to the increase in emissions. The IEA's new tracking initiative aims to support global efforts in climate action and energy transitions.