2010年-世界发展银行全球_Environmental_Governance_in_Oil-Producing_Developing_Countries___Findings_from_a_Survey_of_32_Countries_48页_1mb

Environmental Governance in Oil-Producing Developing Countries

Core Content

This document presents the findings of a survey conducted by the World Bank's Petroleum Governance Initiative (PGI) on environmental governance in 27 oil-producing developing countries. The PGI, a joint initiative between the government of Norway and the World Bank, aims to support effective and sustainable management of oil and gas development by addressing key issues such as transparency, economic responsibility, environmental sustainability, and responsible community development.

The survey used a Web-based tool (SurveyMonkey) to collect responses from government, industry, and civil society representatives across 29 developing countries. The results were analyzed based on 10 themes representing essential elements of good environmental governance. These themes include legal and regulatory frameworks, institutional capacity, public consultation, environmental assessment, decommissioning and liability, and private sector involvement.

Main Findings

Legal, Regulatory, and Contractual Framework

• Most countries have an environmental policy and legal framework that is appropriate on paper but largely theoretical.
• The framework is often based on principles from more developed countries, but not fully implemented.
• International obligations and agreements are generally incorporated into national legislation.
• There are specific host government agreements and production-sharing agreements that address environmental rights and obligations.

Institutional Strengthening of Good Governance

• Only a few countries have sufficient institutional capacity to implement environmental governance effectively.
• 89% of responding countries lack adequate human and financial resources for environmental management.
• Regulatory systems are often described as "empty boxes" due to poor implementation despite existing legal frameworks.

Public Consultation and Access to Information

• Governments consult on oil and gas projects but often do not disclose sufficient information to the public or affected stakeholders.
• Consultation is more about informing stakeholders than involving them in decision-making.
• Many countries lack a centralized information system for environmental and social data.
• Less than half of the surveyed countries have ratified the International Labour Organization's Convention 169, which protects indigenous peoples' rights in relation to extractive industries.

Environmental Assessment Process

• Most countries have an environmental impact assessment (EIA) process, but it is often focused on project approval rather than life-cycle management.
• Post-EIA approval, enforcement and monitoring mechanisms are generally insufficient.
• EIA content and approach vary significantly across countries, with many not incorporating a comprehensive environmental management strategy.

Decommissioning and Liability

• Fewer than half of the countries pay attention to decommissioning and liability issues.
• There is a lack of clear regulatory and accounting frameworks to manage environmental liabilities.
• Understanding of decommissioning, closure, and abandonment procedures is limited.

Private Sector Involvement

• The private sector's involvement in applying good environmental practices is limited.
• There is potential for improvement in promoting the use of best practices and technologies among oil and gas companies.

Key Recommendations

To improve environmental governance in oil-producing developing countries, the following recommendations are proposed:

• Conduct a gap analysis in specific countries to refine the survey and identify areas for improvement.
• Perform a regional gap analysis to determine the most effective mechanisms for strengthening environmental governance.
• Enhance country capacity in EIA monitoring and follow-up through training, workshops, and case studies.
• Promote the development of institutional capacity for EIA processes, including the use of qualified consultants.
• Improve public consultation and outreach to build trust among industry, governments, and local communities.
• Support the development of regional communication systems for sharing environmental and social information.
• Establish a regulatory and accounting framework for managing environmental liabilities.
• Deliver training programs on key environmental governance topics identified in the survey.

Conclusion

The survey highlights the need for stronger institutional frameworks, increased resources, and more effective public consultation and environmental monitoring in oil-producing developing countries. The PGI aims to address these gaps by providing support and guidance to improve environmental governance, ensuring that the benefits of oil and gas development are sustainable and equitably shared.