2022-09-13-世界银行-中国_可再生能源发展的40年经验—政策_成就与经验教训（英）_136页_2mb

Summary of China's 40-Year Renewable Energy Development

Introduction

China's renewable energy (RE) sector has transitioned from a laggard to a global leader over four decades. Key achievements include the largest RE installed capacity worldwide, with hydropower, wind, solar, and biomass collectively accounting for significant shares of energy consumption. Policies, international cooperation, and technological innovation drove this growth, though challenges like subsidy burdens and inefficiencies emerged.

Policy Framework and Evolution

• Early Years (Up to 1994): Focused on rural RE through modest policies, research, and demonstration projects. The Renewable Energy Management System was established, laying groundwork for future development.
• Takeoff (1995–2005): The 2005 Renewable Energy Law provided legal obligations and incentives (e.g., feed-in tariffs), enabling rapid expansion in wind and solar.
• Boom (2006–2017): Aggressive targets and subsidies fueled industry growth, but led to inefficiencies. Auctions and regulatory reforms were introduced to address overcapacity.
• Way Forward (2018–Present): Shift toward market-oriented policies, grid integration, and sustainability measures (e.g., energy storage, recycling standards).

Technological and Market Development

• Wind and Solar: Chinadominated globally in manufacturing cost reductions, achieving massive scale-up. Feed-in tariffs initially boosted development but led to subsidy burdens; auctions streamlined procurement.
• Hydropower: Technological mastery includes 1 GW turbine manufacturing. Decentralization and environmental safeguards improved project sustainability.
• Biomass: Industry maturity increased through standards and R&D, covering biogas, biofuels, and waste-to-energy. Challenges include supply chain reliability and fragmented growth.
• Cross-sector advancements included grid modernization, digitization, and innovation in energy storage and renewable heating.

Current Challenges and Future Directions

• Key Issues: Balancing growth with sustainability to avoid curtailment, reduce subsidies, and optimize grid use. China aims for carbon neutrality by 2060, requiring RE's share to rise significantly.
• Strategic Steps: Strengthening markets, enhancing grid flexibility, developing green finance, and fostering regional cooperation for transmission and trade.

Key Lessons Learned

• Phased development and policy adjustments are crucial for sustainable growth.
• Market-oriented approaches and robust grid integration can enhance efficiency.
• Technological innovation and international collaboration are essential for competitiveness.
• Addressing resource variability and supply chain reliability is key to successful RE deployment.

China's experience highlights both successes and pitfalls, offering valuable insights for other nations transitioning to renewable energy.