2009年-世界发展银行全球_Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Jordan_-_Country_Environmental_Analysis_256页_3mb

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Country Environmental Analysis Summary

Core Content

This report, prepared by the World Bank in collaboration with the Government of Jordan, presents a comprehensive analysis of environmental issues in Jordan, focusing on water quality, air pollution, industrial pollution, and institutional capacity. It aims to support the integration of environmental concerns into the country's development planning and policy-making, particularly in the context of sustainable economic and social growth.

Key Environmental Issues in Jordan

Jordan faces several pressing environmental challenges, including:

• Air Quality: Poor in industrial and traffic hotspots. Major pollutants include TSP, SO₂, and NOx. The country has made progress through improved fuel quality and energy diversification, but the growing vehicle fleet and continued industrial activity, especially in mining and cement production, remain significant concerns.

• Water Quality and Quantity: Jordan is chronically water-scarce, with groundwater extraction exceeding safe yields by 50% (2005). Water salinity is increasing, and water tables are declining. The 1997 Water Strategy, 2005 National Water Master Plan (NWMP), and 2005 National Agenda emphasize increasing water supply and using treated wastewater, particularly in agriculture. However, demand-side inefficiencies, such as low returns to irrigation water (JOD 0.6/m³), are far below the National Agenda target of JOD 5/m³ by 2017.

• Land Degradation: Has severely impacted ecosystem stability and rural livelihoods, especially for the poor. Rangeland productivity has dropped by 50% over the past decade and a half due to overgrazing and refugee influx. The Ministry of Agriculture has initiated rangeland rehabilitation projects and integrated financial strategies to combat desertification.

• Waste Management: Solid waste collection rates are at 90% in urban areas and 70% in rural areas. However, safe disposal remains a challenge, with most waste being dumped in unlined open sites. Hazardous and medical waste management is also inadequate, with little to no treatment for hazardous waste and outdated incinerators for medical waste.

• Protected Areas (PAs): Jordan has made progress in expanding the area under protection, expected to reach over 6% of total land area (double the MENA region average). Decentralized PA management through NGO partnerships is a notable model. Legal issues, land use conflicts, and funding constraints remain barriers to the long-term viability of the PA system.

Main Findings

• Jordan's environmental performance is relatively strong compared to other middle-income countries in the MENA region, particularly in terms of the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) and Adjusted Net Savings (ANS).
• Environmental degradation imposes significant costs on society, including health impacts, loss of economic productivity, and environmental damage.
• Institutional capacity is a key determinant of the effectiveness of environmental management and policy implementation.

Policy and Institutional Framework

• The Ministry of Environment has played a central role in improving environmental governance, including establishing the Environmental Rangers Department and promoting public consultations with local NGOs.
• A range of policy instruments and institutional reforms are proposed to address environmental challenges, particularly in water quality, transport, and industrial pollution.
• The report highlights the need for a more comprehensive legislative framework, improved cost recovery mechanisms, and better coordination among institutions.

Key Recommendations

Short Term

• Strengthen the legislative and institutional framework for solid waste management.
• Improve waste collection and disposal infrastructure, particularly in non-Amman municipalities.
• Enhance public awareness and access to environmental information, in line with the Aarhus Convention.

Medium to Long Term

• Implement more effective and cost-efficient abatement strategies for air pollution, especially from the transport sector.
• Expand the use of treated wastewater in agriculture and other sectors to reduce pressure on freshwater resources.
• Improve monitoring and data collection systems for environmental indicators.
• Promote sustainable land use practices and rangeland rehabilitation.
• Enhance coordination and integration of environmental policies across sectors and institutions.

Institutional Capacity Assessment

• Jordan has made progress in building environmental institutions, but challenges remain in terms of capacity, coordination, and enforcement.
• The report assesses the institutional setup, highlighting the need for better integration of functions across agencies.
• It identifies key areas where institutional reforms are necessary, such as improving the monitoring system and enhancing policy implementation capacity.

Conclusion

The report underscores the importance of integrating environmental concerns into Jordan's development agenda to ensure long-term sustainability. While the country has made notable progress in environmental governance and policy, significant challenges remain in managing air and water pollution, land degradation, and waste. Institutional capacity and coordination are identified as critical factors for effective environmental management. The recommendations aim to support the Government of Jordan in addressing these challenges and aligning with global environmental standards and best practices.

Key Figures and Data

• Currency Unit: Jordanian Dinar (JOD), 1 USD = 0.7 JOD.
• Fiscal Year: January 1 – December 31.
• Water Resources: Available at 133 m³/capita/year (including wastewater reuse), with groundwater extraction exceeding safe yields by 50% (2005).
• Air Pollution: Transport, power generation, and industry are the main sources, with a 7–10% annual growth in the vehicle fleet.
• Waste Management: Collection rates at 90% (urban) and 70% (rural), but safe disposal and treatment remain inadequate.
• Protected Areas: Expected to cover over 6% of total land area by 2020, double the MENA region average.

References and Supporting Documents

• The report includes extensive data and analysis, supported by annexes covering water quality, transport models, public environmental expenditure, and environmental impact assessment procedures.
• It references international standards, such as the Aarhus Convention and ISO 14001 certifications, and compares Jordan's performance with other countries in the MENA region and globally.

Summary of Findings and Recommendations

This report provides a valuable resource for policymakers and stakeholders in Jordan, offering a detailed analysis and actionable recommendations to guide the country toward more sustainable environmental practices.