世界银行-欧盟机构规模分布（英）-2025_11页_2mb

Enterprise Establishment Size Distribution in EU Countries

This report analyzes the establishment size distribution in EU countries (EU-27), NUTS1 and NUTS2 regions, using data from World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES) conducted between 2018 and 2021.

Key findings:

• Mean Establishment Size and Income Level:
  Higher-income countries have larger establishments and a higher concentration of employment among the top 10% of establishments. The relationship between log-mean establishment size and log-GDP per inhabitant is positive and statistically significant, with a coefficient of approximately 0.30-0.30*** at the NUTS1 level. Doubling GDP per inhabitant is associated with a ~80% increase in mean establishment size.
• Regional Variations:
  Establishment size increases with GDP per inhabitant at both NUTS1 and NUTS2 levels. Higher-income regions have larger establishments. For example, the average mean size in EU27 countries is 30.2 workers, compared to 13.9 in Poland and 17.9 in Greece.
• Foreign Ownership, Age, and Gender:
  Higher foreign ownership and older establishments are correlated with larger sizes. Establishment age has a significant positive correlation with size. Female top managers are associated with smaller establishments, with a one percentage point increase in female top managers decreasing the mean size by ~1.8% at the NUTS1 level.
• Right Tail of Distribution:
  Establishment size distribution slopes (Log-Log plots) are steeper in lower-income countries, indicating more small establishments. Right-tail employment concentration is higher in wealthier countries; e.g., Denmark has a 76.9% employment share in top 10% of establishments vs. 44.5% in Greece.

Conclusion

The distribution of establishments shows significant correlations with income levels, ownership characteristics, age, and gender. Policies influencing establishment size and distortions contribute to the observed patterns, confirming literature on resource misallocation and productivity gains from reallocation.

Note: The analysis uses a range of statistical methods, regressions, and regional data (EU-27, NUTS1, NUTS2), highlighting the role of development, foreign influence, and institutional factors in shaping establishment size distribution across the European Union.