印度尼西亚参与全球价值链的演变（英文版）_135页_4mb

Summary of The Evolution of Indonesia's Participation in Global Value Chains

Core Content

This report analyzes Indonesia's participation in global value chains (GVCs) from 2000 to 2017, focusing on the evolution of its role in value-added production, trade linkages, and specialization. It provides a comprehensive overview of how Indonesia's economy has integrated into GVCs and the implications of this integration on economic growth, competitiveness, and development.

Main Views and Key Information

1. Indonesia's Production and Value-Added Exports

• Intermediate Goods and Services: Indonesia's domestic production and consumption of intermediate goods and services increased between 2000 and 2017, although there was a decline from 2009 to 2014. Over 80% of intermediates used in production were sourced domestically, and over 75% of locally produced intermediates remained within the economy.
• Use of Foreign Intermediates: The use of foreign intermediates declined across most sectors, except for medium- and high-technology manufacturing. Over 60% of intermediate imports were used by manufacturing industries, which accounted for nearly three-fifths of Indonesia's intermediate exports.
• Domestic Value-Added: Domestic value-added in final products increased significantly. The domestic share in production rose from 83.2% in 2000 to 89.9% in 2017. Domestic value-added made up over 90% of Indonesia's gross exports, with a small portion of foreign value-added (13.2% for industrial sectors, 6% for services, and 4.1% for primary sectors).
• Re-exported Value-Added: The share of domestic value-added embedded in the primary sector's intermediate exports that were re-exported increased from 27.7% in 2000 to 35.1% in 2017, indicating greater involvement in international trade.

2. Indonesia's Participation, Position, and Specialization in GVCs

• Participation in GVCs: Indonesia's participation in GVCs through both forward and backward linkages declined from 2000 to 2017. Forward participation dropped from 21.5% to 12.9%, and backward participation from 16.9% to 10.1%. Despite the decline, forward participation remained higher, suggesting greater involvement in upstream activities.
• International Trade Patterns: Indonesia's trade was more bilateral than global. Most of its domestic value-added was used by direct importers for domestic consumption, while the value-added in intermediate imports was used in domestic final production rather than for export.
• Sectoral Participation: The primary sector increased its forward GVC participation, indicating greater involvement in complex GVCs. Low-technology manufacturing was more engaged in downstream and simple GVC activities, while medium- and high-technology sectors had moderately higher participation. The service sector's GVC participation remained generally low.
• Upstreamness: Indonesia's upstreamness index decreased from 2.06 to 1.96, showing a trend of production moving closer to final use. This was accompanied by an increase in the share of final products in gross output by 3.6 percentage points.

3. Indonesia's Comparative Advantage

• Indonesia's comparative advantage was concentrated in the primary and low-technology manufacturing sectors. Industries such as "food, beverage, and tobacco" manufacturing, "rubber and plastics" manufacturing, and "small equipment" manufacturing saw an increase in comparative advantage.
• However, the "mining and quarrying" and "coke, refined fuel, and petroleum" industries experienced a decline in comparative advantage, from 3.4 to 2.5 and from 8.2 to 2.7, respectively.
• The "chemicals and chemical products" manufacturing sector gained comparative advantage in 2017.

4. Other Aspects of GVCs in Indonesia

• Agglomeration and Local Supply Chains: The strength of local supply chains, as measured by agglomeration indices, was highest in low-technology manufacturing and business services.
• Jobs and Technology: The report highlights the impact of GVC participation on employment and technology transfer, noting that GVCs can contribute to economic upgrading and better labor conditions.
• Trade Conflict: Trade tensions, especially between major economies, have had an impact on Indonesia's trade and GVC participation.
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): FDI plays a crucial role in GVCs, particularly in driving the "Factory Asia" phenomenon. Indonesia's FDI inflows and outflows have been analyzed, showing the country's reliance on foreign investment for GVC integration.

5. Policy Recommendations and Conclusion

• The report emphasizes the importance of promoting domestic value addition through manufacturing to enhance industrial competitiveness and sustainable development.
• It suggests that GVC participation is essential for economic growth and development, and that policies should be informed by the analysis of value-added structures and linkages.
• The decline in Indonesia's GVC participation is linked to the growth of its domestic sectors, which has shifted the economy from export orientation back to import substitution.
• The report serves as a key reference for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners to understand the evolving role of Indonesia in GVCs and to develop evidence-based strategies for economic development.

Conclusion

The report provides a detailed analysis of Indonesia's participation in GVCs, highlighting both the opportunities and challenges. It underscores the need for policies that promote domestic value addition and enhance the country's role in global trade, particularly through manufacturing. The findings suggest that Indonesia's economic development is closely tied to its integration into GVCs, and that further research and strategic planning are needed to support this integration effectively.