世界银行-重塑农业食品行业_实现更健康的饮食_探索农业食品公共支持与饮食质量之间的联系（英）-2025_135页_3mb

Reshaping the Agrifood Sector for Healthier Diets: Summary

1 Introduction

• Malnutrition undermines health, economic growth, and sustainable development, with high hidden costs globally.
• Agrifood public support often distorts markets and is regressive, favoring unhealthy commodities over nutritious ones.
• Repurposing support toward healthier diets offers opportunities for multiple wins (nutrition, climate, poverty alleviation).

2 High Costs and Slow Progress in Tackling Malnutrition

• Global malnutrition persists: stunting affects 22.3% of children under five, wasting 6.8%, overweight/obesity projected to affect 18% of adults by 2030.
• Health costs from malnutrition and diet-related NCDs are staggering ($6.6T), with significant environmental ($3.1T) and economic ($2.1T) hidden costs.
• Poor diets are a core driver; globally, adults consume insufficient fruits/vegetables and excess sugar, salt, fats.

3 Imperative to Repurpose Agrifood Support

• Most agricultural subsidies ($854 billion/year) are aimed at producers (74%) via trade and market policies (50%), harming healthier eating.
• Support for high-priority foods (e.g., fruits, vegetables) is minimal, while unhealthy foods (e.g., sugar, meats) receive excessive subsidies.
• Leveraging data and considering political economy constraints are critical for effective repurposing.

4 Cross-Country Analysis: Agrifood Support and Food Consumption

• Global patterns show positive impacts of General Services Support (GSSE, 12%) on all food commodities, but distortive Market Price Support (MPS, e.g., sugar subsidies) reduces consumption.
• Country-level variations are large; Africa's support is low (avg. $680 million/year), insufficient for nutrition improvements.
• No clear correlations between aggregate sector support and consumption, but commodity-specific support improves understanding (e.g., reducing sugar subsidies).

5 Country-Level Cases

Bangladesh

• Input subsidies slightly increase food expenditure but have mixed impacts on nutrition outcomes.

Malawi

• Input subsidies and cash transfers reduce negative coping strategies but do not improve dietary diversity or food consumption scores in combination.

6 Future Directions

• Deepen analyses of trade policy, political economy, and country-specific context.
• Quantify hidden costs more accurately, including environmental and economic burdens.
• Assess climate-nutrition tradeoffs, enabling holistic policy decisions.
• Pilot new tools like integrated diet assessment and ENHANCE tool for project-level impacts.