世界银行-重新利用电力市场_人人享有可持续和负担得起的能源之路（英）_152页_4mb

Market Structure Analysis and Recommendations

Electricity markets are evolving through three trends: decentralization (small-scale generation), digitalization (smart grids), and decarbonization (renewable energy). Current structures include:

• Vertically Integrated Utility (VIU): State-owned monopoly (decreasing usage).
• Single Buyer Model (SBM): High user for expanding access, especially via renewables.
• Wholesale/Retail Competition (WRC): Optimized for renewable adoption and efficiency but needs supportive policies.

Key Challenges and Enabling Factors

• Constraints: Cost, complexity, corruption, and lack of cost recovery limit private investment.
• Solutions: Strengthen regulators, implement clear procurement processes (e.g., e-procurement), and ensure transparent tariffs.

Private sector engagement is boosted by:

• Innovative Financing: Green bonds, sustainability-linked loans, and securitization.
• Technological Upgrades: Smart grids, energy storage, and hybrid solar-storage systems.
• Policy Reforms: Auctions, feed-in tariffs (FiTs), and capacity markets to attract investors.

6I Action Framework

1. Innovate: Use sustainable finance tools like green bonds.
2. Integrate: Deploy renewable storage and integrate unelectrified communities.
3. Institutionalize: Strengthen technical capacity and independence of regulators.
4. Incentivize: Create targeted revenue streams, notably for renewables and storage.
5. Invest: Co-finance transmission infrastructure and enable regional trade.
6. Identify: Leverage DFIs (e.g., IFC) for risk mitigation and early-stage support.

Model-Specific Recommendations
Vertically Integrated Utilities (VIU):

• Allow private sector entry where access is limited.
• Issue green bonds and utilize venture capital for refinancing.

Single Buyer Models (SBM):

• Expand blended finance and explore risk mitigation tools.
• Implement capacity markets and auction-based procurement.

Wholesale and Retail Competition (WRC):

• Deploy blockchain-enabled peer-to-peer trading and virtual power plants (VPPs).
• Enhance grid resilience and advance locational marginal pricing (LMP) systems.

Enabling Institutional Support
Development finance institutions (DFIs) such as IFC are critical to unlocking private capital through blended finance, risk-sharing instruments, and advisory services. Tailoring financing needs across regions (e.g., African markets) is essential for universal energy access. Regional power pools can further strengthen investment appeal.

Conclusion
Repurposing power markets to embrace decentralization, digitalization, and decarbonization is vital for achieving SDG7. By balancing policy reforms, technological innovation, and private capital mobilization, countries can ensure sustainable, affordable, and reliable electricity for all.